Using self-determination theory as a framework, the present study examined the effects of female college athletes perceptions of controlling behaviors by coaches on their motivation toward sports. Specifically, this study examined whether basic psychological needs (satisfaction and frustration) mediated the relationships between perceived controlling coach behaviors and athletes motivation. Female college student-athletes (N=243) completed questionnaires assessing perceived controlling coach behaviors, as well as their motivation (intrinsic motivation and amotivation) and perceptions of psychological need satisfaction and frustration. Structural equation modeling indicated support for a mediational effect. Specifically, the results indicated that controlling coach behaviors significantly predicted psychological need frustration, which, in turn, predicted amotivation. Therefore, it is suggested that controlling behaviors by coaches increase psychological need frustration and facilitate amotivation in female college athletes.
An organometallic nickel complex containing thieno[3,2-b]thiophene units was designed and synthesized. Composite
films of the resulting nickel complex and polyvinylidene difluoride,
which can be fabricated via a simple solution process under atmospheric
conditions, exhibit remarkably high n-type conductivity (>200 S
cm–1). Moreover, the thermoelectric power factor
of the
n-type composite film was proven to be air stable. A grazing-incidence
wide-angle X-ray diffraction analysis indicated a significant impact
of introducing the thieno[3,2-b]thiophene core into
the backbone of the nickel complex on the orientation within the composite
films.
Tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum(III) (Alq3) and its derivatives, characterized by a propeller-shaped three-dimensionally π-conjugated structure, have been intensively studied in the few past decades on account of their potential utility in optoelectronic applications. Reported herein are the synthesis and properties of π-extended Alq3 complexes that contain an azaperylene core in each ligand. Intramolecular palladium-catalyzed direct C–H arylations or base-promoted arylations were employed to prepare these large Alq3 analogues. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of one of the obtained Al complexes revealed a unique three-dimensional packing structure within the crystal, i.e., a honeycomb packing along the ab-plane and columnar π-stacks along the c-axis. An Alq3 analogue with azaperylene-dicarboximide ligands exhibited deep blue color in solution with an intense absorption band that extended to 780 nm (λmax = 634 nm; ε = 58,000 M−1 cm−1).
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