4-tert-Butylpyridine (TBP) was an important component in hole transport layer for hybrid perovskite solar cells. However, our study shows that TBP can corrode the absorption perovskite layer (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 ) and interfere with the stability of the solar cells. To address this problem, montmorillonite (MMT) was used to form a buffer layer before the hole transport layer. XRD results revealed that TBP 10 was intercalated in MMT structure and UV-vis spectroscopy analysis revealed that this structure could prevent corrosion of the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 layer. Moreover, the MMT buffer layer could limit the charge recombination in the solar cells. Delayed the corrosion increased the current density owing to the enhanced absorption, and a reduced charge recombination led to increased fill factor and open voltage circuit values. Consequently, the corresponding efficiency largely increased from 9.0% to 11.9% by 15 32.2%. Therefore, the application of MMT as a bifunctional buffer coating layer on the hole-transport layer is a useful strategy for preparing highly efficient hybrid perovskite solar cells with anti-corrosion and delayed charge recombination properties. 65 (J SC ) values. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to study the behavior of electrons at the interface of TiO 2 /sensitizer/HTL to examine the increase of V OC and fill factor (FF) in the photocurrent-voltage (J-V) curves.

A unique way to fabricate hollow microspheres by using an amphiphilic azo homopolymer (BP-AZ-CA) and photoinduced deformation behavior of the hollow structures in the solid state are reported.

This research links the Integrated MARKAL-EFOM system model of China (China TIMES) and the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies model (GAINS) to assess the co-benefits of air quality improvement under the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and the well below 2 °C (WBD2) target. Results show that the industry sector and power sector are the key sources necessary to reduce air pollutant emissions, mainly due to the phasing out of fossil fuels. The electrification in the building sector will be another main source by which to decrease PM2.5 emissions. The adoption of various low-carbon constraints and further air pollutant control strategies will significantly alleviate the current air pollution problems in China by reducing the concentration and scope of the air pollutants and reducing the corresponding number of premature deaths. A stricter air pollutant control strategy will lead to increases in air pollutant control costs; however, the low-carbon targets will help reduce these costs in the long run. Compared to the current national policy, within the same air pollutant control strategy, the reduction of air pollutant control cost can cover the incremental CO2 mitigation cost under the NDC target, while this cannot be realized under the WBD2 target.

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A multifunctional magnesium oxide (MgO) layer was successfully introduced into perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to enhance their performance. MgO was coated onto the surface of mesoporous TiO(2) by the decomposition of magnesium acetate and, therefore, could block contact between the perovskite and TiO(2). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy showed that the amount of H(2)O/hydroxyl absorbed on the TiO(2) decreased after MgO modification. The UV/Vis absorption spectra of the perovskite with MgO modification revealed an enhanced photoelectric performance compared with that of unmodified perovskite after UV illumination. In addition to the photocurrent, the photovoltage and fill factor also showed an enhancement after modification, which resulted in an increase in the overall efficiency of the cell from 9.6 to 13.9 %. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirmed that MgO acts as an insulating layer to reduce charge recombination.

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