Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the respiratory illness responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-stranded RNA virus belongs to Coronaviridae family. The viral genome of SARS-CoV-2 contains around 29.8 kilobase with a 5′-cap structure and 3′-poly-A tail, and shows 79.2% nucleotide identity with human SARS-CoV-1, which caused the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak. As the successor to SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 now has circulated across the globe. There is a growing understanding of SARS-CoV-2 in virology, epidemiology, and clinical management strategies. In this study, we verified the existence of two 18-22 nt small viral RNAs (svRNAs) derived from the same precursor in human specimens infected with SARS-CoV-2, including nasopharyngeal swabs and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) explanted lungs from lung transplantation of COVID-19 patients. We then simulated and confirmed the formation of these two SARS-CoV-2-Encoded small RNAs in human lung epithelial cells. And the potential pro-inflammatory effects of the splicing and maturation process of these two svRNAs in human lung epithelial cells were also explored. By screening cytokine storm genes and the characteristic expression profiling of COVID-19 in the explanted lung tissues and the svRNAs precursor transfected human lung epithelial cells, we found that the maturation of these two small viral RNAs contributed significantly to the infection associated lung inflammation, mainly via the activation of the CXCL8, CXCL11 and type I interferon signaling pathway. Taken together, we discovered two SARS-CoV-2-Encoded small RNAs and investigated the pro-inflammatory effects during their maturation in human lung epithelial cells, which might provide new insight into the pathogenesis and possible treatment options for COVID-19.
Objective. To explore the efficacy of Minocycline hydrochloride combined with multiple antibiotic pastes in the treatment of chronic periodontitis with concomitant pulp lesions in elderly patients, as well as to analyze the changes in the levels of inflammatory markers. Methods. 100 patients suffering from chronic periodontitis with concomitant pulp lesions treated in our hospital from July 2018 to January 2020 were selected as the study subjects, and were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n = 50) or a control group (n = 50). Patients in the experimental group were treated with Minocycline hydrochloride combined with multiple antibiotic pastes, while those in the control group were treated with Minocycline hydrochloride alone. The treatment efficacy in the two groups was then assessed using such factors as periodontal probing depth, dental plaque index, gingival index, periodontal attachment level, and the presence or absence of adverse effects. We also measured and compared the levels of inflammatory markers such as CRP, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, and others in both groups, before treatment, as well as after a week of treatment. Results. There was a statistically significant difference in the treatment efficacy between the two groups ( P < 0.05 ), with a higher treatment efficacy seen in the experimental group as compared to the control group. When compared to the control group, the experimental group had lower depths of periodontal probing, lower dental plaque indices, lower gingival indices, lower periodontal attachment levels, as well a significantly lower incidence of adverse reactions ( P < 0.05 ). Before treatment, the levels of inflammatory markers such as CRP, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-5, and IL-6 were elevated in both groups. After a week of treatment, there were reductions in the levels of inflammatory markers in both groups, but a more significant reduction was seen in the experimental than in the control group ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion. Minocycline hydrochloride combined with various antibiotic pastes is more effective in the treatment of chronic periodontitis with concomitant pulp lesions in elderly patients than monotherapy with Minocycline hydrochloride alone.
Background: To find appropriate Nickel-Titanium instruments for lingual canals in mandibular first premolars with two canals.Methods: A total of 42 extracted mandibular first premolars with two canals were selected after micro-CT scanning. The teeth were matched and divided into three groups, and three types of Nickel-Titanium instruments (M3, HyFlex CM and XP-endo Shaper) were used to prepare the lingual canals of the sample teeth. After instrumentation, micro-CT scanning was used again to reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) teeth model, and then it was geometrically aligned with the original model before instrumentation. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional parameters of teeth models were measured to evaluate the ability of cleaning and maintaining the original canal shape by the three different instruments. Results: Compared with HyFlex CM and XP-endo Shaper, the apical transportation of M3 was significantly greater within the apical 3 mm (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference between HyFlex CM and XP-endo Shaper (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in centering ability among three types of instruments (P > 0.05). In general, HCM group and XPS group performed better than M3 group in the 2D and 3D analysis (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Preparation of the lingual canal in mandibular first premolar was more challenging than that of the main buccal canal. All the three nickel-titanium instruments are safe for canal preparation, and generally, the HyFlex CM and XP-endo Shaper performed better than the M3.
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