Nature frequently utilizes opposing factors to create a stable activator gradient to robustly control pattern formation. This study employs a biomimicry approach, by delivery of both angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors from spatially restricted zones of a synthetic polymer to achieve temporally stable and spatially restricted angiogenic zones in vivo. The simultaneous release of the two spatially separated agents leads to a spatially sharp angiogenic region that is sustained over 3 wk. Further, the contradictory action of the two agents leads to a stable level of proangiogenic stimulation in this region, in spite of significant variations in the individual release rates over time. The resulting spatially restrictive and temporally sustained profiles of active signaling allow the creation of a spatially heterogeneous and functional vasculature.controlled drug delivery | peripheral ischemia | VEGF antibody | diffusion reaction | Turing pattern

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Background: Dental pulp cells (DPCs) play vital roles in the recovery of dental pulp tissue. Concentrated growth factor (CGF) can promote proliferation and mineralization of various cells. However, the functions of CGF on DPCs and dental pulp tissue are unclear. The object of our study was to identify the roles of CGF in DPCs proliferation and mineralization in vitro and to assess the effects of CGF on direct pulp capping in vivo. Material/Methods: We performed CCK-8 and Transwell assay to detect proliferation and migration activity of DPCs. Alizarin Red staining was performed to examine mineralized nodules. Alkaline phosphatase activity test was used to measure the mineralization capacity of DPCs. We assessed the odontogenic differentiation gene expression level by Western blot and qPCR. The effect of CGF on direct pulp capping in vivo were evaluated by radiography and histopathology. Results: CGF increased the number of proliferative and migratory DPCs. CGF enhanced DPCs mineralized nodules and improved the gene expression levels of DSPP, DMP-1, BSP, and ALP. CGF upregulated the protein levels of ALP, BMP2, SMAD5, Runx2, and p-Smad, and the effect could be partially reversed by Noggin. CGF promoted pulp recovery and kept its vitality in directly pulp capping. Conclusions: CGF promotes DPCs proliferation and mineralization. It regulates the mineralization of DPCs via the BMP2/SMAD5/Runx2 signaling pathway. CGF can be used as the effective graft for direct pulp capping.

This study is the first to examine adverse events of bivalent rLP2086 in a real-world setting where more than 90% of a college-age population was vaccinated.