China joined the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006; however, the overall Chinese smoking rate is still high. The aim of this study is to provide new evidence for the direct effects of community-level deprivation, and the effects of interactions between community-level deprivation and individual characteristics, on smoking intensity, by using cross-sectional data from the 2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). The results show that there is a strong association between community-level deprivation and individual smoking intensity, and that community deprivation moderates the relationship between individual perceived stress and smoking intensity. The findings imply that adequate interventions should be conducted in the context of deprived neighborhoods, and should consider differences between levels of individual perceived stress and between sexes, especially focusing on highly stressed women who live in deprived communities.

PURPOSE: Rapid urbanization has witnessed a dramatic decrease in physical activity. The purpose of this research was to explore the vulnerable inactivity group influenced by urbanization in China.METHODS: Cross-sectional data from the 2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey were utilized. A total of 7,319 households, including 20,914 individuals within 12 provinces, were pooled. Seven types of physical activity were included in statistical testing. Community-level urbanization was measured on an urbanicity scale consisting of 12 dimensions. Cross-level logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the direct and interactive effects of individual socioeconomic statuses and community-level urbanization on a leisure time physical activity (LTPA). After removing incomplete responses, 8,617 samples were selected for the statistical analyses.RESULTS: Community-level urbanization was positively related to participation probability in the LTPA. With an increase of one standard deviation (SD) in the level of urbanization, the odds of participating in the LTPA increased by approximately six times in the most urbanized areas compared with the least urbanized areas. The effect of employment status on the probability of participation in the LTPA differed across the levels of urbanization in each community. For white-collar workers who resided in the most urbanized communities, the odds of participating in the LTPA decreased by approximately 46% compared to their peers in the least urbanized communities.CONCLUSIONS: Community-level urbanization should be addressed when developing interventions and health policies to promote physical activity during leisure time, especially for individuals who are white-collar workers living in urbanized communities.

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