Glutathione is the most abundant non-protein thiol compound present in many cells. Because this molecule is involved in many physiological processes, each cell maintains a critical level of glutathione. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT, E.C.2.3.2.2) is the key enzyme involved in the glutathione cycle. In the present study, GGT was isolated from two plant growth promoting rhizosphere isolates, Pseudomonas protegens strain Pf-5 and Pseudomonas fluorescens strain PfT-1. GGT in these strains is located in the periplasm and possessed good hydrolytic activity at pH 8.0. Strains Pf-5 and PfT-1 showed maximum enzyme activity when grown at 30–35 °C. The ggt gene from both the strains was cloned in pGEM-T cloning vector and sequenced. Subsequently, GGT expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) using the pET-28a(+) expression vector was purified and characterized. The enzymes are active in a wide range of pH and some divalent cations significantly enhanced the hydrolytic activity. These enzymes showed higher thermal stability as compared to those of other mesophilic strains, as they retained ~50 % of activity at 50 °C even after 12 h of incubation. The enzymes could also tolerate up to 3.0 M NaCl.
During past few years, studies in the field of nanomaterial sciences were more focused on nanocomposites due to their extraordinary and unexplored interesting properties. Our prime focus in this review is to address recent advancements in their manufacturing, processing, characterization of their functional attributes and also to explore the thrust areas of their utilization. In this way, we objectively explored and analyzed different areas such as aerospace, electric and manufacturing, defense and biomedical by addressing the strength and uses of nanocomposites respectively. Along with this, we also explored the area of biomedical sciences specifically their application in tissue engineering using zirconium oxide nanoceramic modified chitosan as an exemplary nanocomposite. Conclusively, this review will provide critical issues in nanocomposites research with promising functional utility to a greater extent.
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