Bacopa monnieri is the main source of pharmaceutically important bacosides; however, the low content of these molecules in planta remains a limiting factor for fulfilling the industrial requirement. The accumulation of secondary metabolites can be enhanced in plants upon inoculation with endophytes. In this study, we isolated and analyzed the culturable endophytes associated with different plant parts. By analyzing their impact on plant growth parameters (in vitro and in vivo) and Bacoside A content, we found few candidates which increased bacoside accumulation significantly. Finally, two promising endophytes namely Bacillus subtilis (OK070745) and Klebsiella aerogenes (OK070774) were co-cultivated with B. monnieri cuttings singly and in combination mode to clarify their effect on bacoside biosynthesis and their accumulation in B. monnieri shoot. Consortium-inoculated plants significantly enhanced the plant biomass and Bacoside A content with respect to single inoculation. The results of real-time quantitative (RT-PCR) revealed significant accumulation of bacoside biosynthetic pathway transcripts (HMGCR, PMVK, FDPS, SQS, and β-AS) in the case of plants inoculated with microbial combination, while the single inoculation of B. subtilis diverted the plant’s machinery toward the synthesis of phenylpropanoid genes like CCR, CAD, CHS, and HST. In addition, higher expression of MYB 2 and WRKY 1 transcription factors in combinational treatment points out their probable role in better physiological and developmental processes. Altogether, this is the first study on B. monnieri-endophyte interaction showing improvement in the accumulation of bacoside A by modulating various genes of metabolic pathway and thus suggests an effective “green approach” for augmenting in planta production of pharmaceutically important bacosides.
In every country women are the back bone of the society. Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living being and an essential part of all irrespective of age, caste, creed, race, religion and economic standard. In India utilization of basic health services are very poorly due to less household income, higher illiteracy and ignorance and a host of traditional factors. This study was conducted to determine the knowledge level of the selected rural women regarding health practices. Descriptive research design was conducted. The study was carried out in Allahabad district of Uttar Pradesh during the year of 2013-14. Chaka block was selected purposively from which four villages were selected purposively. Thirty women from each village were selected randomly. Thus the total sample size comprised of 120. The data was tabulated and analyzed with the help of statistical techniques like frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and correlation coefficient. It is concluded that most of the respondents were having medium level of knowledge. A significant positive association is found between age and knowledge level of respondents. Middle age group respondents have more knowledge than any other age groups. A positive significant association is found between education and knowledge level. Upto primary class respondents have more knowledge than other respondents.
Panchayati Raj Institution is known as the backbone of the country and hence expected to perform their roles effectively in implementation and monitoring of the development schemes. PRI works at different levels and starts from village to district level. Each tier has its roles regarding MGNREGA, IAY and NRLM schemes. So it is necessary to ascertain the level of knowledge of PRI members about the schemes and roles of PRI regarding selected schemes. Further, the actual role performance of different tiers of PRI was also assessed in implementing and monitoring of development schemes. The descriptive research design was used for the present study. Four districts of Punjab state were selected purposively which were further represented by two blocks each. Random selection of three villages from each of the selected block was done. Forty elected Zilla Parishad members, forty-eight Panchayat Samiti members, and ninety-six Gram Panchayat members were selected. The self-structured interview schedule was prepared to collect the data. The collected data were analyzed by using frequency and percentage. It can be concluded that majority of Gram Panchayat and Panchayat Samiti members had a low level of knowledge about the schemes and no knowledge about the roles of PRI in selected schemes. Half of the Zila Parishad
Poverty is a social problem where a section of society is unable to meet even the basic needs (food, clothes, shelter, education etc) of life. Therefore, the Government of India launched the National Rural Livelihoods Mission in 2010. It aims to reach out to poor families, link them to sustainable livelihoods opportunities and help them to come out of poverty. Panchayati Raj Institutions are expected to play an important role in implementing and monitoring various developmental programmes. So it is necessary to ascertain the knowledge of PRI members about NRLM scheme and their role performance in implementation and monitoring of NRLM scheme. Descriptive research design was used and data was collected from two blocks each of four districts of Punjab state. Forty elected Zilla Parishad members, forty eight Panchayat Samiti members and ninety six Gram Panchayat members were selected from twenty four villages. Data collected through self-structured interview schedule was also analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean score and one way ANOVA. It revealed that majority of PRI members were not knowledgeable about different aspects of the NRLM scheme. More percentage of Zilla Parishad than Panchayat Samiti and Gram Panchayat were knowledgeable about their expected roles. Majority of the Zilla Parishad members who were knowledgeable about their expected roles were performing their roles. Thus, the extent of actual role performance by Zilla Parishad members under the scheme was more than those of other levels.
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