Copper-containing fertilizers, fungicides and bactericides are extensively used in greenhouses in Turkey. Informations on effects of these applications to plants are scarce. The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of Cu application to a calcareous soil and to leaves on the yield and growth of tomato plants. Cu was first applied to soil as CuSO 4 .5H 2 O in three different levels (0, 1000, and 2000 mg Cu kg -1 ) and then to leaves in three different frequencies (no application, biweekly and weekly) using two cupric fungicides (Cu oxychloride, and Cu salts of fatty and rosin acids) in pot experiments carried out in a computer-controlled greenhouse. Total yield, fruit number, dry root weight and plant height decreased with increasing Cu application to soil. Increasing levels of Cu applied to soil and leaves resulted in decreasing final fruit number, dry root weight and plant height in 4 th , 5 th and 6 th weeks. Combined applications of Cu to soil and leaves could be more deleterious to plants than when Cu is applied only to soil or leaves. Key words: dry root weight, fruit number, fungicides, plant height, greenhouse ) e em cobertura (controle, semanal e duas vezes por semana), nas formas de oxicloreto de cobre ou calda bordalesa na produção total, número de frutas, peso seco da raiz e altura de tomateiros cultivados em casa de vegetação. Produtividade total, número de frutas por planta, peso seco da raiz e altura das plantas foram reduzidas pelo aumento da quantidade de Cu aplicado ao solo. O aumento da concentração de CU no solo e folhas diminuiu número final de frutos por planta, peso seco da raiz e altura da planta na quarta, quinta e sexta semanas. A aplicação combinada de Cu ao solo e em cobertura pode ser mais deletéria às plantas que a aplicação de Cu somente ao solo ou em cobertura. Palavras-chave: peso seco da raiz, número de futas, fungicidas, altura da planta, casas de vegetação ALTOS NÍVEIS DE COBRE NO SOLO E NAS FOLHAS REDUZ CRESCIMENTO E PRODUTIVIDADE DE TOMATEIROS

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TurkeySuitable climate conditions as well as rare natural and cultural resources in the Mediterranean region of Turkey have made it a centre of attraction for two conflicting interests: agricultural production and tourism activity. In recent years, the natural appeal of the area and economic interests have dominated tourism over agriculture, forestry and wildlife and led to significant urban sprawl. The objective of this study was to investigate the dimensions of the land cover/use conversion of a quiet, small village (Kemer) into an internationally popular touristic destination. In the scope of this study, land cover and land use changes were analysed over approximately 30 years using Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) data (1975), and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data (1987, 1995 and 2003) by image classification techniques. In the land use hierarchy, the Coordination of Information on the Environment (CORINE) methodology was used as a base. Data organization and collection stages were achieved in a geographical information system (GIS) environment. Finally, the results indicate that, from 1975 to 2003, permanent crops decreased by 75% and most of these areas were structured. Throughout the same years a 55% decrease was determined to arise in heterogeneous agricultural areas. From 1975 to 2003, there had been no serious change in forests. The main reason for this is the accommodation of the Olympos-Bey Mountains national park in the region.

In this study, we have evaluated the use of unmanned air vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry for the monitoring of a wheat experiment under field conditions, filtered a digital surface model (DSM) to derive the wheat plant heights, and compared the results with the field measurements. The images were acquired with the use of a low-cost UAV Walkera QR350 and GoProHero3+ action camera in May 2015. In total, 477 images were acquired for quality assessment of the proposed method, and a reference dataset was collected with terrestrial fieldwork. For a comparison of field measurements with DSM-derived plant heights, the maximum calculated plant height in the plot was selected. The mean, median, and standard deviation were calculated as 4.66, 3.75, and 13.78 cm. Regarding the statistical t-test between the field measurements and plant heights from the DSM, the t-value was calculated as 1.82, and the p-value was 0.071. Because the t-value was larger than 0.50, the values between the traditional method and our approach were highly correlated.

Remotely sensed data is an important tool for precision crop management. Satellite imaging systems and related-hand held instruments are frequently proposed for detection of crop stress caused by water, soil compaction and lack of nutrients, etc. This study was conducted to investigate how Bermuda grass reflectance changes with the onset of water stress. Four different irrigation treatments were examined: 100% (I 1 ), 75% (I 2 ), 50% (I 3 ) and 25% (I 4 ) of the evaporation measured in the Class A Pan. A non-irrigated plot was used as a control treatment (I 5 ). Spectral reflectance data were collected using a hand-held spectroradiometer which measured in the blue, green, red and near-infrared. Soil water content was monitored by a neutron probe. Water-stressed Bermuda grass (treatments I 4 and I 5 ) had lower spectral reflectance in near-infrared and higher reflectance in red wavebands than the other A07029;treatments. The results were statistically tested using one-way analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test. Highly significant relationships were found between different irrigation treatments and near infrared wavelengths (P <0.01, R 2 =0.94) and between the irrigation treatments and the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) (P < 0.01, R 2 = 0.80). Results indicate that different water stress on Bermuda grass could be determined by using spectral reflectance, especially NDVI and near-infrared reflectance regions. Analysis of experimental data indicated that it is possible to use remotely sensed data to develop maps of water stress conditions of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon).

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