Cancer is the second reason of deaths worldwide while breast cancer is the more spread cancer in women, comprising 29 % from all cancers that they are affected Samples were obtained from patients undergoing surgery in center from breast cancer in oncology teaching hospital Al-Eluia hospital for woman care All blood samples were taken of the patients (110 women) and divided into four groups benign, malignant, radiotherapy and control group In order to measurement estrogen levels which are influenced by the menstrual cycle, the main groups were furthermore divided into subgroups , premenopausal and postmenopausal women The mean value ± SE of Body Mass Index (BMI) for control, benign, malignant and radiotherapy breast cancer were showed a non-significant change in the comparison of groups according to the Duncan test Estrogen were increased before therapy but decreased following therapy The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA)were elevated in patients after radiotherapy The mean value ± SE of vitamin E were decreased in studied groups Present study aims to study the effects of serum estrogen, vitamin E and antioxidant status in breast cancer patients.
The aim of this work was to study the polymorphism in CTLA4 gene in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) type I patients in Baghdad population. To achieve this goal, blood samples were collected from 80 IDDM (40 males and 40 females) and 20 samples of healthy, DNA was isolated and the CTLA4 gene (A 152 bp fragment) were amplified by using specific primers for exon1 of this gene, and then found the sequence of this region. The DNA sequencing results of flank sense of CTLA4 gene from healthy patients was found to be compatible (100%) with wild type of Homo sapiens from the Gene Bank, while 99% compatibility were found for the gene from 70 IDDM cases patients with wild type of gene. The difference may be attributed to one transition mutations, A/G at position 49 of the CTLA4 gene (from AGC to AAC). It is a missense mutation that leads to changes in amino acid from serine (S) to asparagine (N). Our results showed that the incidence of A/G mutation at nucleotide position 49 and diabetes was highly significant (X 2 = 100, P < 0.01). In total, 12% of patients with IDDM (10 cases) had two transition mutation +49 A/G and +47 C/T single nucleotide polymorphism from total cases, 98% compatibility were found for that gene from 10 IDDM cases patients with wild type of gene. The +47 C/T SNP was silent mutation which resulted in change of codon from GGT to GGC but no changes translated to amino acid (glycine to glycine). However, there was no significant correlation between diabetes and incidence of C/T at nucleotide 47 (X 2 = 0.055, P > 0.05). In conclusion, our case study suggests that the +49 A/G SNP of the CTLA4 gene is strongly associated with genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus in the Baghdad/Iraqi population.
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