The aim of this research is to find the effect of the geomagnetic storms on the variation of the Ozone layer thickness by studying the hourly variations, daily average and monthly average of the Ozone amount above Iraq (38˚N-49˚N; 28˚E-38˚E), and rates of productions correlated with fluctuations in geomagnetic field intensity. Data of total column ozone (tco3) and temperature (t2m) were selected from the ERA satellite for year 2015, in which there are seven days strong and severe geomagnetic storms occurring along four months. From the monthly average in which the storm occurred, the contour maps for (tco3) and (t2m) reveal that the thickness of Ozone layer in North of Iraq wider than the middle and South of Iraq for all stormy months except in October of 2015 appears which is the maximum in middle of Iraq. The temperature is reversely proportional with Ozone thickness. Results of the daily average appear that there are enhancements in (tco3) during the stormy day for the three Iraqi cities Muthanna, Baghdad, and Sulaymaniyah; the maximum values in winter and spring reach 356 DU in March. From the hourly variations of tco3 and t2m for three Iraqi cities, it is seen that in some events it decreases and others increase, not dependent on storm type. The slope of trend line for variation of (tco3) with the variation of (t2m) drawn gives that there is no relationship between them along the three cities taken and for all 7 events. Finally from the percentage variation of (tco3) and (t2m) for two days before the storm and seven days after the storms it is indicated that there is a considerable unsystematic increase and decrease for the three cities chosen.
In the Sun, particles mostly protons (positively charged) with energies up to several hundred (MeV) are escaped during periods of intense flare activity. These particles are solar cosmic radiation, which are very small particles move at nearly the speed of light through space. The flare and coronal mass ejection (CME) may also cause a sharp rise in the cosmic ray intensity (CRI) at the Earth atmosphere. There are indications that the most energetic events occurred in the minimum phase of solar activity. When cosmic rays enter the Earth’s atmosphere they collide with atoms and molecules, as the Sun’s magnetic field became weak the cosmic rays are flooding into the solar system from deep space, causing health risks to space travelers. Sudden increases in the cosmic ray intensity called Ground level enhancements (GLEs) are measured or recorded on Earth’s sea level by neutron monitor (NM). The main objective of this research is to find the relation between cosmic ray and the GLE events and other solar activity parameters during the period years (2008-2019) for solar cycle (24). In this work satellite data of GLE based on ground level station Oulu NM (ONM) are taken is situated in north Finland at the height of 15m above sea level in the geographic coordinates (65.05°N; 25.47°E). The observational spectrum of two GLEs occurred during solar cycle 24 are investigated, one in 17 May 2012 which known as GLE71 and the other in 10 September 2017 as GLE72, in which the solar energetic particle was the larger in this solar cycle. Data of these two events indicate that the presence of different between them are due to populations of different energy spectrum, period of time occurrence, and increasing rate of (CRI).
High frequency (HF) radio wave propagation depends on the ionosphere status which is changed with the time of day, season, and solar activity conditions. In this research, ionosonde observations were used to calculate the values of maximum usable frequency (MUF) the ionospheric F2- layer during strong geomagnetic storms (Dst ≤ -100 nT) which were compared with the predicted MUF for the same layer by using IRI-16 model. Data from years 2015 and 2017, during which five strong geomagnetic storms occurred, were selected from two Japanese ionosonde stations (Kokubunji and Wakkanai) located at the mid-latitude region. The results of the present work do not show a good correlation between the observed and predicted MUF values for F2- layer during the selected events of strong geomagnetic storms at these stations. Thus, there is a further need to improve the IRI-16 model for better matching with the observations during strong geomagnetic storms.
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