Introduction: Glomerular disease is one of the most common forms of renal disease and can have many different clinical presentations. However there is variation in the prevalence in the type of glomerular disease according to geographical location and race of population. The aim of the study was to find the overall distribution pattern of glomerular disease based on renal biopsies. Material and Methods: The medical records of all children who underwent kidney biopsy (n=29) between January 2012-june 2014 were analyzed. In this retrospective study we review children from Kanti Children’s Hospital, Nephrology Department. Demographic data including age, sex and indication of kidney biopsy as well as complication of the procedures were recorded. Result: A total number of thirty one biopsies were done. Two children were excluded from the study due to inadequate tissue and artifacts defects in preservative. The remaining twenty nine biopsies were included in the study and analyzed. Renal disease was found nearly equal in both male and female (51.72% vs. 48.27%).Mean age was 10.95±3.30 years. Maximum number of biopsies (75.86%) was performed between 10- 15 years. The most common indication of the kidney biopsy was nephrotic syndrome (steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome and steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome, 31.02% followed by lupus nephritis 27.58%.The most common glomerular disease were focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and lupus nephritis both contribute 27.58%. Among lupus nephritis class III was found more common (44.44%) in children. IgA nephropathy was also contribute (17.24%) in all glomerular disease. Regarding the kidney biopsy complication gross hematuria was observed in 6.89% of children which was self-limited. Conclusion: FSGS and lupus nephritis is becoming the most common glomerular disease in children attending the Kanti Children Hospital. IgA nephropathy was also contribute the glomerular disease in the children. J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2014;34(3):225-229   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v34i3.11162

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IIntroduction: In Nepal, cerebral palsy (CP) is the common cause of severe motor disability. However, only few descriptive studies related to it have been conducted, but those did not incorporate neuroimaging in CP. Thus, the objective of this study is to identify clinical and radiological profile of children diagnosed with CP at a tertiary level paediatric hospital of Nepal.Material and Methods: This study was carried out at Kanti Children's Hospital and the study utilized data of children diagnosed with CP from September 2015- April 2017.Results: A total of 100 children were diagnosed with CP. Spastic CP was the most common in children (71%), followed by mixed (21%) and dyskinetic (8%). Majority of the children were male (74%), born at term (90%) and delivered at institution (80%). Neuroimaging abnormality was found in 66% of cases which included brain malformation (2%), periventricular white matter abnormalities (23%), cortical or deep grey matter lesions (37%) and miscellaneous (4%). The results of this study also showed significant association between variables such as birth weight and birth asphyxia with type of neuroimaging findings.Conclusion: Neuroimaging is helpful for diagnosis of CP and also useful for parents and physicians to understand children condition. Hence, further studies related to neuroimaging in CP are important to better understand it in detail.

Background: West syndrome (WS), an infantile epileptic encephalopathy which occurs in clusters with developmental regression and hypsarrhythmia. The classification refers to genetic, structural and metabolic cause. Neuroimaging can help to identify various lesion in the brain leading to West syndrome and outcomes can be measured in form of seizure control and neurodevelopmental improvement. We aimed to study the correlation of neuroimaging in West syndrome with the outcomes.Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study done among patients who presented to International friendship children’s hospital. All the cases diagnosed with WS and between 4 months to 5 years of age according to ILAE (International league against epilepsy) were included in this study. The study duration was three years. Fisher’s exact test was used to see correlation of underlying neuroimaging findings with outcome in children with West syndrome.Results: Of 37 children diagnosed with WS, 65% were male with a mean age of presentation 17±7 months and mean age of onset of seizure 5±1 months. Thirty patients had regular follow up and neurodevelopmental outcome could be determined. There was no significant relation between neuroimaging finding and neurodevelopmental outcome along with seizure remission (p>0.05). Improvement in developmental milestones was seen in 17 patients (56.6%) and 1 patient (3.3%) had normal milestone as per age.Conclusions: Neuroimaging is an important diagnostic tool to determine etiology of WS but it’s not the sole component to predict the neurodevelopmental outcome and seizure remission.