Recent studies exploring the effects of dynamic visualizations on learning compared with static visualizations have yielded mixed results. Procedural motor learning is one of the few fields in which dynamic representations have shown to be effective. Many of the studies have suggested that this advantage is mainly due to the activation of the “mirror‐neuron system.” This study explores this explanation in physical education domain and analysed the effects of instructional media (video vs. photographs), showing tactical actions in basketball, on learning outcomes (i.e., game understanding and game performance), cognitive load (i.e., mental effort invested and estimated difficulty), and attitudes (i.e., attention, enjoyment, engagement, and challenge) in secondary school students. For all of the indicators, the results show that learning from video was more effective than learning from photographs. These findings have implications for the effective design of instructional media and provide confirmation of the superiority of video for teaching tactical actions involving the entire body.

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The present study examined the effect of integrating video viewing courses of exemplary teaching exercises during the start-up of the academic year of teaching practice on the Pre-service Teachers' perceptions towards the initial training programs' effectiveness in physical education. Two hundred thirty two Pre-service Teachers (92 females and 140 males) aged between 21 and 23 (M age±SD = 21 ± 1.8 years) were recruited. Participants were randomly allocated into a control group (46 females, 70 males) which received a Traditional Form of Initial Training Program (TF-ITP), and an experimental group (46 females, 70 males) which received the New Form of Initial Training Program (NF-ITP). Responses to the Q4TE questionnaire (Grohmann & Kauffeld, 2013) for the assessment of the initial training programs' effectiveness were obtained in the completion period of the initial training. The Pre-service Teachers' perceptions regarding the initial training programs' effectiveness were significantly higher during the NF-ITP in comparison with the TF-ITP (p < 0.001) without any difference between genders. Findings suggested that integrating video viewing courses of exemplary teaching exercises during the start-up of the academic year of teaching practice would lead to make the initial training programs more efficient for the Pre-service Teachers of physical education.

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