Intelligence-based applications have been increasingly deployed in every field of life including smart homes, smart cities, healthcare services, and autonomous systems where personal data is collected across heterogeneous sources and processed using "black-box" algorithms in opaque centralised servers. As a consequence, preserving the data privacy and security of these applications is of utmost importance. In this respect, a modelling technique for identifying potential data privacy threats and specifying countermeasures to mitigate the related vulnerabilities in such AI-based systems plays a significant role in preserving and securing personal data. Various threat modelling techniques have been proposed such as STRIDE, LINDDUN, and PASTA but none of them is sufficient to model the data privacy threats in autonomous systems. Furthermore, they are not designed to model compliance with data protection legislation like the EU/UK General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which is fundamental to protecting data owners' privacy as well as to preventing personal data from potential privacy-related attacks. In this article, we survey the existing threat modelling techniques for data privacy threats in autonomous systems and then analyse such techniques from the viewpoint of GDPR compliance. Following the analysis, We employ STRIDE and LINDDUN in autonomous cars, a specific use-case of autonomous systems, to scrutinise the challenges and gaps of the existing techniques when modelling data privacy threats. Prospective research directions for refining data privacy threats & GDPR-compliance modelling techniques for autonomous systems are also presented.
In this paper, an Ultra-wideband (UWB) Radar sensor is used to detect human gestures while smoking or vaping in potentially dangerous areas such as an oil field or a gas station. Existing smoking detection systems are primarily camera-based, which has a number of drawbacks, including poor illumination, training issues with longer video sequence data, and major privacy concerns. The data collected from a UWB Radar is represented in the form of spectrograms. Three classes are considered, namely cigarette, vape and when the subject is not smoking. InceptionV3, VGG19, and VGG16 deep learning algorithms are used to extract spatiotemporal information from the Spectrogram. Finally, by classifying the Spectrograms into the considered gestures, the smoking and/or vaping is accurately identified. The simulation results show that InceptionV3 can achieve a maximum classification accuracy of 90.00%.
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