RESUMO -Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de suplementos contendo três combinações de energia e proteína sobre a produção leiteira, as características físico-químicas do leite, o peso e a condição corporal e o perfil bioquímico sanguíneo de vacas. Foram utilizadas 24 vacas lactantes em campo natural, distribuídas em delineamento completamente casualizado, recebendo um dos seguintes suplementos: baixos níveis de energia e proteína; baixo nível de energia e alto nível de proteína; ou altos níveis de energia e proteína. Em comparação ao suplemento com baixos níveis de energia e proteína, aquele com altos níveis de energia e proteína reduziu a instabilidade do leite na prova do álcool, aumentou em 50% a produção de leite e em 18% o escore de condição corporal das vacas. Além disso, ocasionou aumento dos componentes do leite e do perfil bioquímico sanguíneo das vacas: 13% no teor de lactose; 9% no de extrato seco desengordurado; 21% nos níveis plasmáticos de glicose; 24% no teor de fósforo; 16% no nível de creatinina; 9% no teor de magnésio; e reduziu em 40% o teor de nitrogênio ureico. O suplemento com altos níveis de energia e proteína foi mais eficiente que os demais em melhorar a estabilidade do leite na prova do álcool, o escore de condição corporal e os teores de alguns componentes químicos do leite e do sangue.Palavras-chave: composição química, desequilíbrio nutricional, perfil bioquímico sanguíneo, prova do álcool Supply of supplements with different levels of energy and protein to Jersey cows and their effects on milk instabiltyABSTRACT -The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of supplements with three combinations of energy and protein on milk production, milk physical and chemical characteristics, body weight, body condition score and blood biochemical profile of the cows. It was used, in this experiment, 24 lactating cows on natural fields distributed in a complete random design, receiving one of the following supplements: low levels of energy and protein, low level of energy and high level of protein or high levels of energy and protein. Compared to the low energy and protein supplement, high energy and protein supplement reduced milk instability in the alcohol test, it increased milk production in 50%, and body condition score of the cows in 18%. In addition, it increased milk components and blood biochemical profile of the cows: 13% in lactose content; 9% in non-fat dry extracts; 21% in glucose plasmatic levels, 24% in phosphorus content, 16% in creatinine content, 9% in magnesium contents; and it reduced ureic nitrogen in 40%. The supplement with high levels of energy and protein was more efficient than the others in improving milk stability in the alcohol test, body condition score and contents of some chemical components of the milk and of blood.
This study was carried out to determine the combining effects of feeding up to 15 mg kg -1 ractopamine (RAC) to physically castrated (PC) pigs or those injected with an anti-GnRF vaccine (IC), on growth performance during suckling, weaning, growing and finishing phases. Out of a total of 1,160 male piglets, 50 % were surgically castrated at age 7, while 50 % underwent immunization against GnRF on the 103 rd and 136 th day of life. A completely randomized design, with two treatments (PC and IC), was used from the 1 st until the 60 th day of life. Afterwards, 792animals, PC and IC, selected according to overall average weight (23.3 ± 0.69 kg) were allotted based on a completely randomized block design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments (castration categories × RAC levels) with 9 replications (11 animals) per main combination effect. IC growing pigs improved feed conversion due to lower average daily feed intake and higher average daily gain (ADG). During the finishing phase, both RAC and immunocastration increased body weight, but the effects were independent. RAC, on its own improved ADG and feed conversion. However, pigs fed 10 mg kg -1 RAC had higher blood lactate compared to those fed lower levels, suggesting that these animals were more susceptible to stress. Muscle depth was influenced only by RAC, whereas fat thickness was lower for IC. Lean meat increased and fat decreased in the shoulder and belly of IC; RAC had a positive effect on belly lean meat only.Either immunocastration or RAC inclusion (at least 5 mg kg -1 ) promoted muscle gain and fat reduction in pig carcass, adding value to pork.
Three studies were performed to determine the effects of oral energy sources on the performance, immune status, and intestinal morphology of piglets. In Exp. 1, 50 litters were selected based on genotype and parity order to determine the optimum amount of supplemental energy for neonatal pigs. They were distributed according to a 5 × 5 Latin square design, in which columns were represented by 5 sows and rows were represented by 5 newborn weight categories. Treatments consisted of 2 oral doses of 0, 2, 4, 8, or 16 mL of rice bran oil (RBO). There was a positive response of RBO on BW with a numerical difference (P = 0.12) and a significant linear effect (P = 0.04) at weaning. In Exp. 2, litters (n = 340) were randomly allotted to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: RBO supplemented either through oral doses (without supplementation or with 2 mL of RBO) or through prestarter feed (without supplementation or with 2% of RBO replacing 2% of soybean oil). Piglets orally receiving RBO showed a numerical increase in BW at weaning (P = 0.101) compared with the control group. Moreover, piglets supplemented by prestarter feed tended to increase feed intake (P = 0.084). In Exp. 3, litters (n = 245) were selected based on genotype and parity order and they were distributed according to a 7 × 7 Latin square design planed in the same way as in Exp. 1. Each neonatal pig within a litter was randomly assigned to 1 of 7 treatments: 1) control (no supplementation), 2) 2 mL of RBO enriched with omega-3 fatty acids, 3) 2.33 mL of pure glycerin, 4) 1.3 mL of soybean oil, 5) 1.4 mL of linseed oil, 6) 1.68 mL of coconut oil, and 7) 2 mL of RBO. Animal performance was analyzed using 2 data sets: all data (average initial BW of 1.479 kg) and low birth weight (LBW) piglet data (≤1.220 kg initial BW with average of 0.985 kg). Body weight or BW gain (BWG) were not different among treatments (P > 0.10) when all data were analyzed. However, LBW piglets fed coconut oil tended to increase BW (P = 0.099) during the first week. In conclusion, the oral use of RBO may increase BW at weaning and the supplementation by prestarter feed may enhance the feed intake of piglets. In addition, coconut oil may increase BW of LBW piglets in the first week of life without affecting mortality, immune response, or gut morphology. The routine practice of oral supplementation of energy for newborn pigs could be an important tool in swine production.
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of Mn source and level on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of Mn source (MnSO4; Eurochem, Veracruz, Mexico, or Mn hydroxychloride (IBM); Micronutrients, Indianapolis, IN), and increasing added Mn (8, 16, and 32 mg/kg of complete diet). The trace mineral premix was formulated without added Mn. Copper was added to all diets at 10 and 150 mg/kg in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. In both experiments 1,994 pigs (PIC; 337 × 1050; initially 34.5 × 0.50 and 40.0 ±0.77 kg) were used with 27 pigs per pen and 12 replicates per treatment. Diets were corn-soybean meal-distillers dried grains with solubles-based and were fed in 4 phases. In Exp. 1, there was a marginal Mn source × level interaction (quadratic, P = 0.057) for overall G:F, with a decrease then increase in pigs fed IBM, but G:F increased with increasing Mn from MnSO4. There was no evidence for Mn source differences for ADG, ADFI or BW, but pigs fed 16 mg/kg Mn, regardless of source, tended to have decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05) ADG and final BW compared to other levels. For carcass yield, there was a tendency for Mn source × level interaction (quadratic, P = 0.075) where carcass yield did not change by increasing MnSO4 but was greatest for 16 mg/kg Mn from IBM. Loin depth increased (source × level, P = 0.041) for pigs fed increasing Mn from MnSO4 but decreased when Mn was increased from IBM. Pigs fed the intermediate level of Mn tended to have the lightest HCW (quadratic, P = 0.071) and decreased loin depth (quadratic, P = 0.044). Liver Mn concentration increased (linear, P = 0.015) as added Mn increased and tended to be greater (P = 0.075) when supplied by MnSO4 compared to IBM. In Exp. 2, there was no (P > 0.10) Mn source × level interaction observed for ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Pigs fed IBM had increased (P < 0.05) final BW, ADG, and ADFI compared to pigs fed MnSO4. Pigs fed 16 mg/kg of Mn tended (P = 0.088) to have reduced ADFI when compared pigs fed 8 and 32 mg/kg of Mn. In conclusion, there appears to be little benefit in growth performance by feeding more than 8 mg/kg of added Mn. When high levels of Cu were fed in Exp. 2, pigs fed IBM had improved growth performance compared with those fed MnSO4. Further research is needed to understand the potential benefits of Mn hydroxychloride fed in conjunction with high levels of Cu on pig growth performance.
Engenheiro Agrônomo. Doutor em Produção animal. Professor adjunto do DZ da FAEM/UFPEL ResumoO objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do sistema de compostagem de dejetos e da aeração passiva no tratamento de resíduos da produção animal no município de Capão do Leão, no Rio Grande do Sul. Utilizou-se uma estrutura coberta com filme de polietileno de baixa densidade e aberta nas laterais, que recebeu seis caixas de plástico reforçado com fibra de vidro. O estudo foi realizado com dois tratamentos, os quais foram constituídos pela mistura de dejetos líquidos de bovinos leiteiros e maravalha, e de bovinos leiteiros e cama de aviário de dois lotes de frangos de corte. O SISCODE é eficiente na transformação dos resíduos líquidos em sólidos da produção animal, já que a alta umidade relativa e a baixa temperatura ambiente no município não afetam tal sistema de tratamento. A aeração passiva não é eficiente na evaporação do excedente de água e na oxigenação dos substratos compostados, não devendo ser utilizada na compostagem da mistura de resíduos líquidos e sólidos da produção animal.Palavras-chave: bovinocultura; cama de aviário; dejeto líquido; sustentabilidade ambiental. AbstractA trial was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of composting of residues system and passive aeration for treating animal residues in Capão do Leão, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A low-density polythene film covered up a laterally opened structure was used. Such structure was to protect six plastic and glass fiber boxes. The study was carried out with two treatments, which were constituted by a mixture of liquid bovine residues and wood shaving; and a mixture of liquid bovine residues and poultry litter. SISCODE is efficient for transformation of the liquid in solid residues, given that local high-relative humidity and the low environmental temperature do not affect such residues treatment system. Passive aeration is not efficient for both evaporating excess of water and oxygenating composting substrates. Therefore, it should not be used for composting a mixture of liquid and solid residues from animal production.
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