No abstract

Early investigators of the phenomenon of retroactive inhibition noted that the retroactive effect was obtained only, or at least most readily, when the interpolated activity exhibited some kind or degree of similarity to the original activity. This relation was noted for both ideational and motor learning, and for both human and animal subjects. 1 These observations immediately raised the question as to the relation of the amount of retroactive effect to the degree of similarity.Skaggs 2 used memorization of chess formations as the original activity and reconstruction as the method of measuring the amount retained. In one experiment he compared the retroactive effect of the following interpolated activities; (i) The memorization of a new chess formation with the same chess board and chess men as were used in the original activity, (2) The memorization of a new formation with a paper board and five articles as chess men, (3) The solution of problems of multiplication and addition, and (4) The memorization of postcard pictures. He found that the retroactive effect increased with the degree of similarity. It is obvious that the four pairs of activities differ in kind as well as in degree of similarity. In a second experiment Skaggs employed as his interpolated activity three chess formations which apparently exhibited varying degrees of similarity to the original. In this case the retroactive effect decreased with the degree of similarity.Robinson • specified both the nature and the degree of similarity involved. His original material consisted of a short list of consonants presented once. The interpolated activity consisted of a single presentation of a second list of the same number of consonants, and the subjects were then tested for their ability to recall the first list. The original and the interpolated lists sometimes had no letters in common, sometimes one, sometimes two, and the number of common letters was increased until the two lists were identical. The two lists thus exhibited all degrees of similarity 0' composition from zero to 100 percent. Robinson found that, as a general rule, the

In this paper, indium (In) films were deposited on glass substrates using DC sputtering method. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and dispersant were dissolved in alcohol, and the mixed solution was deposited on the In films using the spray method. The bi-layer MWCNTs-In2O3 films were annealed at different temperatures (from room temperature to 500°C) in O2 atmosphere. The influences of annealing temperature on the characteristics of the bi-layer MWCNTs-In2O3 films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction pattern, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. A separative extended-gate field-effect transistor (EGFET) device combined with a bi-layer MWCNTs-In2O3 film was constructed as a pH sensor. The influences of different annealing temperatures on the performances of the EGFET-based pH sensors were investigated. We would show that the pH sensitivity was dependent on the thermal oxygenation temperature of the bi-layer MWCNTs-In2O3 films.

ercutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is now the standard treatment for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The optimal outcome of reperfusion treatment includes not only sustained patency of the epicardial coronary artery, but also optimal reperfusion of the myocardium throughout the microvasculature. It has been reported that in patients treated with primary PCI, distal embolization may be visualized on the coronary angiogram of 15.2% of such patients. 1 Embolization may occur spontaneously following plaque rupture, although mechanical crushing and fragmentation of the culprit lesion during PCI is reported to be the major cause of distal embolization. 2 In attempt to improve myocardial reperfusion following PCI, thrombus aspiration has emerged as a technique to prevent distal embolization [3][4][5][6] and has been demonstrated as effective in improving myocardial reperfusion. 7 Furthermore, it was shown recently to reduce the rate of 1-year cardiac mortality and nonfatal reinfarction. 8 However, the thrombus aspiration technique potentially may be complicated by systemic embolization, if the intracoronary thrombus is not completely aspirated by the guiding catheter and dislodges into the systemic circulation. We report 2 cases in which thrombus aspiration during PCI was complicated by systemic embolization. Case Reports Case 1A 70-year-old man with a history of coronary artery disease and hypertension was admitted to the Emergency Department (ED) because of inferior wall ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI). Primary PCI was not undertaken because there had been a delay in arriving at the ED. He received aspirin 100 mg and clopidogrel 300 mg before PCI. Heparin was continuously infused and a bolus dose was given to keep the activated coagulation time (ACT) >300 s during the procedure. However, he experienced recurrent chest pain associated with high-degree atrioventricular block, so a temporary pacemaker was implanted and angiography was performed on day 3. It revealed total occlusion of the mid-right coronary artery (RCA) ( Figure 1A). PCI was performed using a 7Fr guiding catheter through the femoral approach. The angiogram taken immediately after ballooning revealed that the vessel was occluded at a more proximal portion, most likely because of migration of the huge thrombus ( Figure 1B). It was decided to remove the thrombus by aspiration using a Thrombuster catheter (Kaneka Corporation, Osaka, Japan, 7Fr), but contrast angiography revealed that the thrombus had migrated to the proximal RCA ( Figure 1C). The patient experienced transient loss of consciousness, followed by irritable mood and paralysis of the left limbs. The PCI was discontinued. A large infarction of the territory of the right middle cerebral artery was confirmed by cranial computed tomography. Case 2A 53-year-old woman with a history of hypertension and dyslipidemia, presented at the ED because of prolonged chest pain. Inferior-wall ST-elevation MI was diagnosed and she received aspirin 250 mg, clopidogrel 300 mg and intravenous heparin in...