Dengue fever (DF) is a mosquito-borne acute viral disease presenting with hemorrhagic manifestations in severe cases. Southeast Iran is in close proximity to Pakistan, an endemic country for DF. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Sistan and Baluchestan province in the southeast of Iran to investigate possibility of DF (immunoglobulin M [IgM], immunoglobulin G [IgG], and nonstructural protein 1 [NS1] antigen tests) in 60 clinically suspected patients (April 2013 to August 2015). NS1 protein was detected in 5% ( = 3), at least one of the antibodies (IgM and/ or IgG) was detected in 11% ( = 7) of the samples. Five patients identified as of acutely infected. There was a simultaneous presence of NS1 protein and IgG or IgM antibodies in 4% ( = 2) of patients. Previous studies show establishment of potential vectors in this area. These evidences support the hypothesis that DF can be a health concern in Southeast Iran with potential future outbreaks.
About one third of the population is infected with tuberculosis (TB). On the other hand, iron deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency in the world. A number of studies have documented anemia in patients with TB, however, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in patients with acid-fast bacilli (AFB) sputum smear-positive, and sputum conversion in these two groups of patients with absolute and functional IDA at the end of the second month of anti-TB therapy in Zahedan, Iran. The results of this study revealed that 91 out of 198 (45.9%) sputum positive pulmonary TB patients were anemic, and among those 72 (79.1%) had iron deficiency anemia. The overall prevalence of IDA in this study was 36.3%. In 72 patients with IDA, 54 (75%) had functional while the remainder had absolute IDA 18 (25%). Twenty-one out of 72 (29.2%) of patients with IDA remained sputum positive and among 126 non IDA patients 47 (37.3%) had positive sputum smear at the end of intensive TB treatment phase (p=0.278). Approximately, less than half of patients with tuberculosis had anemia among them 79% had iron deficiency anemia. The frequency of functional IDA was three times more than absolute IDA. There was no statistically significant difference in sputum conversion between two groups of IDA and non-IDA patients after intensive phase of anti-TB therapy.
in four geographic regions (central, north, northeast , and south). We analyzed these data using a previously described approach of epidemic reconstruction to derive estimates of how the effective reproduction number, Rt, varied with region and over time. Confidence intervals were calculated using a bootstrap procedure. Results: We found that the estimated Rt values for the first wave peaked at 1.5 (with 95% CI, 1.4-1.7) in the central region and 1.6 (95% CI, 1.4-1.9) in the north, whilst the corresponding values in the northeast and the south were close to 1.3. By the time that the Rt estimate in the central region was below one, the value of Rt in the rest of Thailand had started to increase above one. The value of Rt in the first wave was estimated to be above one continuously for 30 days in all regions. For the second wave, the Rt estimates were only marginally above one within the first three months in all regions except the south. Conclusion: The estimate values of Rt for the first and the second waves of the influenza A H1N1pdm epidemic in Thailand varied by region, with higher estimates obtained from the central and northern regions in the first wave. Accounting for regional variation in transmission potential is important for helping to predict the course of future pandemics and for analysing potential control measures (i.e. regionally-targeted control policies).
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