INTRODUCTION:Various pathways, such as personperson, fecal-oral, and oral-oral transmission, play a role in transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection. It can be transferred from mother to infant in either the perinatal or postnatal periods. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this prospective study was to determine the course of H pylori infection in motherinfant pairs in early years of life. METHODS: Forty-eight mother-child pairs were followed for 12 months. H pylori and hepatitis A virus immunoglobulin G levels were measured in maternal sera, infant sera, and breast-milk samples at birth and in breast-milk samples and infant sera at follow-up visits. RESULTS: At birth, the seropositivity for H pylori was 81.25% and hepatitis A was 68.75% in breast milk and 95.8% in maternal and infant sera for both microorganisms. Although there was a decrease in seropositivities for both agents in both infant sera and breast milk at the age of 9 months, an increase was observed in the twelfth month. CONCLUSIONS: High seroprevalence rates of H pylori and hepatitis A virus and similar monthly changes in seroprevalence could be indicators of the same transmission routes. IMPACT OF ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH: A DOUBLE-BLIND, RANDOMIZED TRIAL AMONG URBAN IRANIAN SCHOOLCHILDREN Submitted by Nahid MasoodpoorNahideh Masoodpoor, R. Darakshan Rafsanjan Medical Hospital, Rafsanjan, Iran INTRODUCTION:The first study that linked zinc and growth was carried out in Iran and Egypt almost 3 decades ago. At the time, the circumstances leading to growth impairment secondary to zinc deficiency were believed to be unique in less developed countries. Multiple studies have been carried out to assess the effect of zinc supplementation on children's growth. The results of these studies have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of zinc supplementation on growth (weight and height) among schoolchildren who were underweight or had stunted growth. METHODS: Our study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 90 Iranian urban schoolchildren (50 boys and 40 girls; 7-12 years old) who were underweight or stunted and were supplemented with 10 mg of zinc or placebo on school days for 6 months. Variables were weight and height.RESULTS: Significant effects on weight gain (2.037 Ϯ 1.240 vs 1.55 Ϯ 0.64 kg; P ϭ .0167) and height (2.030 Ϯ 1.003 vs 1.403 Ϯ 0.521 cm; P ϭ .0002) in the children after zinc supplementation versus placebo administration, respectively, were seen over the 6-month period. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of this study, zinc supplementation improved growth in underweight or stunted children and should be considered for populations at risk for zinc deficiency, especially where there are elevated rates of underweight or stunting.
Results: During the study, 1160 males with the mean age of 31 ± 13 years and 876 females with the mean age of 20 ± 12 years were studied. In males, the prevalence of (HBsAg, anti-HBe), HBeAg, (anti-HBs, anti-HBc) and isolated anti-HBc were 72.3%, 8.1%, 16.6% and 3% respectively. In female, these rates were 67.7%, 8.9%, 18.5% and 5%, respectively. There were not any significant differences for prevalence of HBV markers between sexes except that the prevalence of isolated anti-HBc was higher in females (p = 0.014). Resolved HBV infection was seen in 354 (17.4%) of the cases and persistent HBV infection in 1603 (78.7%) cases. one hundred-seventy two (8.4%) cases were HBeAg positive.Conclusion: The results show that in our society, previous HBV infection mostly occurred vertically or early childhood period.
The beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in the world has brought many problems to the world. It is a respiratory disease. Dry cough and fever are known as their most common symptoms. When a sick person sneezes or coughs, the virus can be transmitted from one person to another through small droplets. Although this disease is generally milder in children than adults, severe cases and even death have been reported among children and adolescents. The aim of this study is to provide a review of the information that has been published so far about this disease in children and adolescents.
Background: Various treatment approaches are used in different centers to treat infant bronchiolitis, some of which are not indicated and are not based on strong scientific evidence. W aimed to evaluate the treatment of admitted infants with acute bronchiolitis in the only medical hospital in Rafsanjan and compare it with modern treatment methods. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 100 infants admitted to Ali-Ibn Abi Talib hospital in Rafsanjan, southern Iran. Demographic information and risk factors, including age, birth weight, history of exposure to cigarette smoke, and other factors affecting this disease, and all therapeutic measures were collected in a researcher-made checklist. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 20, and the treatment was compared to the latest clinical guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and England National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), and Cochrane meta-analyses. Results: 79%, 37%, 41%, and 3% of the children received antibiotics, corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and epinephrine, respectively. The most important risk factors were smoking in parents (91%), malnutrition (60%), low birth weight (71%), male sex (62%), and being born in autumn (60%). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, there is a large gap between treatment approaches and up-to-date and valid international guidelines. Therefore, compiling local treatment and care instructions for these patients to be used in medical centers would be useful.
INTRODUCTION:Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient for brain development. Marginal vitamin A deficiency (MVAD) remains a subclinical public health problem in children, but little is known about the mechanism by which it affects brain development beginning from embryonic period and early postnatal period. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to study the effects of MVAD on the hippocampal CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP) in young rats. METHODS: The MVAD group was fed a vitamin A-deficient diet (400 IU/kg vitamin A), and the control group was fed a vitamin A-sufficient diet (6500 IU/kg vitamin A) at 3 weeks before coitus. Serum vitamin A was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Hippocampal CA1 LTP was detected by electrophysiologic technique, and the ultrastructure of synapses was observed by electron microscope. RESULTS:The changes of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials slope (25.4% Ϯ 2.01%) in MVAD rats aged 7 weeks was much lower than that in the control group (57.5% Ϯ 8.6%). The changes of slope of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials induced by MVAD in young rats could be replenished after addition of retinoic acid (RA); however, LTP impairment was observed again after addition of RA antagonist into the solution of the control group. No differences of LTP were found after addition of FeSO 4 or ZnSO 4 . The curvature of the synaptic interface of the MVAD group was less than that of the MVAD group that was supplemented with RA and of the control group. CONCLUSIONS: MVAD during the embryonic and early postnatal period can directly impair the hippocampal CA1 LTP of young rats. EFFECT OF BCG VACCINATION ON SPLENIC DENDRITIC CELL DEVELOPMENT IN NEONATAL BALB/C MICE Submitted by Enmei Liu INTRODUCTION:As an immunoregulator, Mycobacterium BCG has the potential to be applied in allergic disease such as asthma prevention in clinic. Previous studies showed that neonatal BCG vaccination promoted mouse splenic T helper 1 development. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate further the impact of BCG vaccination on dendritic cell (DC) development in neonatal mice. METHODS: Neonatal and adult BALB/C mice were divided into 2 groups: the control group and the BCGtreated group in which BALB/C mice were inoculated with 1 ϫ 10 5 colony-forming units of BCG intraperitoneally. After 4 weeks, splenic cells were isolated and co-stimulatory molecules and major histocompatibility complex molecules were analyzed by flow cytometry on CD11c-positive cells. RESULTS: CD11c ϩ CD8␣ ϩ and CD11c ϩ CD8␣ Ϫ DCs were found in spleen cells of BALB/C mice. In comparison with the control group, the percentage of CD8␣ Ϫ DCs was significantly decreased (45.00 Ϯ 14.14 vs 67.00 Ϯ 8.27) and that of CD8␣ ϩ DCs was strikingly increased (55.00 Ϯ 14.14 vs 33.00 Ϯ 8.27) in BCGtreated neonatal mice. In contrast, the percentage of CD8␣ Ϫ DCs markedly increased from 57% to 70% and that of CD8␣ ϩ DCs noticeably decreased from 43% to 30% in adult mice that were vaccinated. BCG vaccination upregulated the expression ...
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