The key concern of this research is to assess the growth, instability and annual fluctuations of cotton during last three decades in Pakistan. The time series data on area, production and yield of cotton is collected for the year 1981 to 2015 from different issues of agricultural statistics of Pakistan. The results depict that positive growth rates on area, production and yield of cotton expanding over time due to involvement of private companies. The growth rate of yield is 2.65 followed by 0.88 growth of yield in cotton area in Pakistan. While analyzing the data the instability is high in production and low in area of cotton in Pakistan that mainly due to insect and pest attack on crop. There should be some control over the diseases this will reduce the fluctuation for production in cotton. Easy availability of modern factor inputs and sustained supply will reduce area instability largely.
Contribution/ OriginalityThis paper has attempted to assess the growth rates of cotton yield, area and production over the year and calculate the instability index over the year in the case of Pakistan.
The present study focuses on examining the genetic diversity in 104 accessions of rapeseed and mustard germplasm gathered from different regions of Pakistan. Correlation studies revealed positive correlation of yield component with morphological characters at 5% and 1% level of significance Cluster analysis divided the accessions into five major clusters I, II, III, IV and V. These diverse the germplasm are appropriate for planning of hybridization of programs.
M ale and female both are equally responsible for the feeding of world by performing the farming activities in a good spirit. Globally, women have primary and exclusive responsibility for the agricultural sector and being an active member in farms they are playing an important role in rural cultures. According to FAO estimates for the year 2017 almost 79% of females and 61% of males Abstract | It is universally recognized that women are playing valuable role in all segments of crop and livestock; but unfortunately, the contribution of women in agriculture sector is still underestimated. The purpose of this study was to investigate women's involvement in farming and livestock in Pothohar, particularly in rain-fed areas of Punjab, Pakistan. The research was carried out at Thatti Gujran, one of Fateh Jhang's villages during 2018-19. The purpose of this research was to see how many female farmers contribute to farming and livestock activities. The formal survey collected data from eighty (80) female farmers using the random sampling technique. Research was based small landholders. The study's main findings demonstrate that agriculture, together with livestock rearing is the primary occupation of the area's residents. Females were completely involved in all aspects of farming. According to survey findings, only 32.5% of female respondents said they were part-time farmers, while 67.5% said they were actively involved all in farming activities. The respondent female farmers were involved in number of farming activates like crop production, wheat harvesting, livestock operations and, cleaning animal sheds was high. Taking into consideration the role of women in farming, the government should take steps to encourage them by providing trainings. The government level training will increase female farmers' level of involvement and productive capacity in agricultural and livestock management. It was suggested that at the household level, kitchen gardening program should be introduced which will improve their livelihood more effectively.
The objective of this study was to estimate the amount of biodiesel production obtained from the used cooking oil from the university canteen. This research is a literature review supported by the existing condition data of canteen activity at Universitas Pertamina, especially from the amount of used cooking oil produced. Based on the survey questionnaire, the university canteen produced, on average, 36 L/day of used cooking oil. The amount of biodiesel produced was 30.2 L/days, with 83.9% of yield. Using a diesel testing machine, biodiesel with B30 type (30% biodiesel and 70% diesel in volume) held the potential to generate electricity of 3,014 kWh/month. This value is expected to contribute to 12% of lighting in the Rectorate Building used for administration and official activities. Savings of IDR 3,348,857 can be achieved every month by substituting electricity sources into biodiesel. Furthermore, by considering biomass as sustainable renewable energy resources, a reduction in carbon emissions can be valued by 2.2 MTCO2/month.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.