The present study describes the characterization of carbonaceous species including elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), total carbon (TC), crustal (Al, Ca, Mg, Fe, S, and Ti) and trace metals (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn) in PM 10 samples collected from an urban site in Lahore, Pakistan. Sources of various pollutants and their characterization positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The carbonaceous species (TC, OC, EC) and metals were measured in PM 10 samples by NIOSH protocol using Sunset lab instruments and ICP-OES respectively. PM 10 concentrations varied from 254 to 555 µg/m 3 with an average of 406 ± 87 µg/m 3 . The elemental carbon (EC) concentration varied from 3 to 56 µg/m 3 with an average of 21 ± 15 µg/m 3 . While the organic carbon (OC) concentrations varied from 21 to 212 µg/m 3 with an average of 63 ± 42 µg/m 3 . The OC/EC ratio varied from 1.5-7.6 with an average of 3.9 ± 1.6, indicating a contribution of both biogenic and secondary aerosol formation. A good correlation was also observed between EC and OC (R 2 = 0.81) indicating their common origin. PMF has identified industrial dust (18.2% of PM 10 ), vehicular emission (26.5% of PM 10 ), bio mass fuel (24.3% of PM 10 ) and re-suspended dust (4.6% of PM 10 ) as major sources of PM 10 in urban environment of Lahore.
The present work is undertaken to investigate the aerosol volume and mass size distribution, concentration of Particulate Matter (PM) and its source apportionment by using GRIMM spectrometer data in the city of Peshawar, Northern Pakistan. In Peshawar, the concentration of Particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10 ) was noticed to increase day by day due to rapid urbanization and industrialization. The use of several transportation activities, construction of buildings, roads and overhead bridges has badly affected the atmosphere of this region. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) Model has been used to find out different sources of PM in Peshawar. The data were collected for twenty days in April 2011 for both morning and afternoon periods. It has been observed that the values of aerosol volume size distribution were almost high during morning and afternoon rush hours. The mean concentrations of PM 10 and PM 2.5 were determined to be 480 µg/m 3 and 172 µg/m 3 , respectively. A reasonably significant correlation (R 2 = 0.65) was also found between observed and expected PM mass. The PMF result revealed five (05) sources in Peshawar, which were re-suspended road/soil dust, vehicular, industrial, brick kiln emission and household combustion emission.
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