Walkable university campuses require comprehensive planning and design that considers the campus as a whole, which means that buildings and the surrounding environment should not be segmented from a walkability point of view. Without considering the walkability criterion, the spatial organisation of the teaching buildings on university campuses may negatively impact pedestrian speed. This paper outline a comparative study of the old and new campuses of Sulaimani University, which have different types of spatial organisation, to demonstrate the impact of campus layout design on pedestrian speed. The aim is to show how university campus design and spatial organisation type affect pedestrian speed and determine the best type of campus layout design from a walkability point of view. For the empirical study, data were collected through video recordings and observing pedestrian speed between 8:00 am and 9:00 am for 15 days on both campuses. The recorded data were then transformed into numerical values such as speed, and different types of walking. In a second step, data about physical characteristics of campusesdesignwere collected, such as walkway length, width and level, and number of pedestrian walkway intersections.Finally, using multiple linear regression analysis, a mathematical model was designed to test campus spatial organisation on pedestrian speed. In this way, comparing the results for the campuses, the findings reveal that campus layout design and walkway characteristics affect pedestrian speed with different impact ratios. The results indicate the best spatial organisation type for walkable campuses.

Pedestrian movement in the built environment is clearly shaped by the nature of a particular environment, with human behaviour shaped by the design of structures. To understand and analyse pedestrian behaviour while moving in open spaces at a very fine scale, simulation modelling is an essential tool. The aim of this paper is to study the impacts of the built environment on pedestrian behaviour and to understand the ways people walk on university campuses. Further, another aim of the study is to show through our simulation model how physical variables affect pedestrian behaviour and thus establish criteria for designing walkable campuses. In a first step, through video recordings, pedestrians were observed walking from the gates of a university campus to teaching buildings. The recorded data was then transformed into numerical values such as speed, delay, and walking type. In a second step, data about campuses were collected, such as walkway length, width and level, and number of pedestrian walkway intersections. Nest, using multiple regression, a mathematical simulation model was designed to test environmental impacts on walking behaviour. In this way, the impacts of the built environment on pedestrian behaviour were revealed.

The design of healthcare buildings as hospitals is a rather complex architectural task and is being considered as projects of high cost, but indispensable, given their role in preserving human health. The sustainability of services offered by healthcare projects is a paramount necessity for human societies; therefore, in addition to architectural standards applied in a design process, new tools are introduced by the space syntax community in the form of specified programs to provide an advanced method of assessing the effectiveness of any design configuration. This research aims to evaluate the effect of applying the software of (Depthmap X) on a selected new hospital design to measure the nature of visual communication between the different wards of the most active floor (the ground floor) and the connectivity of various kinetic systems of the ground floor with the main entrances. The paper identifies the efficiency of the hospital performances in terms of visual connectivity. It also shows that a slight change made in the hospital configuration in the design alternatives could lead to a significant impact on the visual relationship between the hospital domains.

The most difficult objective for students in an architectural design studio during the early design phase is to produce a design concept satisfyingly. This is due not just to the difficulty of selecting an appropriate method of approaching concepts, but also because of the many transformations associated with the concept's evolution over time. This research examines the modifications that occur throughout the conceptual phase of a design session, which typically lasts a few weeks. We hypothesize that while students' conception methods have been more abstract in creating a concept, they are subject to more alterations during the early phase of design. The research conducts concept generation and transformations by monitoring a group of fourth-grade architecture students through their design process. It also tries to link those transformations to the various methods utilized by students to create their concepts. It appears that the transformations that occurred throughout the design sessions were either formal or functional-oriented. Observations clarify that those transformations are linked to the sort of concept generating, which is either abstract or concrete. By observing the design sessions, the research was able to confirm the previous hypothesis. The modifications implemented to the design concepts were obviously tied to the nature of their selection of methods of production. When compared to concrete nature concepts, abstract nature concepts were more vulnerable to transformations throughout the conceptual phase of the design task on the scope of form and function.

There were an increased importance and vitality of the subject of sustainability in now days; after the modern era has witnessed a rapid depletion of natural resources. It has been considered that the natural lighting was one of the main topics targeted in order to create a sustainable built environment. This research tries to draw the effect of natural lighting on the behavioral activities and their relationship with the built environment, through its impact on dynamic area termed "personal space", which plays a major role in regulating individual behavior, and interactions with the rest of the individuals in the built environment. The study assumes that the high intensity of natural lighting supports sustainable behavior among individuals. It also tests that hypothesis into the lecture halls at universities to highlight its validity and to use the results as design indicators for such spaces.