This work contributes to the "Jobs and Skills" module of the Going Digital horizontal project and to the Skills Outlook 2019 on Skills and Digitalisation. It results from the cooperation between the Directorate for Education and Skills (EDU) and the Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation (STI). The paper was prepared Nagui Bechichi, Stéphanie Jamet, and Gustave Kenedi of EDU, and Robert Grundke and Mariagrazia Squicciarini of STI. The paper was approved and declassified by the Committee on Industry Innovation and Entrepreneurship (CIIE) on-15 November 2018 and prepared for publication by the OECD Secretariat. This publication is a contribution to the OECD Going Digital project, which aims to provide policymakers with the tools they need to help their economies and societies prosper in an increasingly digital and data-driven world. For more information, visit www.oecd.org/going-digital.
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