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Photocatalytic full water splitting remains the perfect way to generate oxygen (O2) and hydrogen (H2) gases driven by sunlight to address the future environmental issues as well as energy demands. Owing to its exceptional properties, polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) has been one of the most widely investigated semiconductor photocatalysts. Nevertheless, blank PCN characteristically displays restrained photocatalytic performance due to high-density defects in its framework that may perhaps perform the part of the recombination midpoint for photoproduced electron–hole pairs. Therefore, to overcome this problem, a simple approach to introduce 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) with an electron-withdrawing characteristic modifier into the pristine PCN framework by the ionothermal method to enhance its optical, conductive, and photocatalytic properties has been undertaken. Results show that such integration of TCNQ results in the delocalization of the π-conjugated structure; significant changes in its chemical electronic configuration, band gap, and surface area; and enhanced production of electrons under visible light. As a result of this facile integration, our best sample (CNU-TCNQ9.0) produced a hydrogen evolution rate (HER) of 164.6 μmol h–1 for H2 and an oxygen evolution rate (OER) of 14.8 μmol h–1 for O2, which were found to be 2.4- and 2.6-fold greater than those produced with pure carbon nitride (CNU) sample, respectively. Hence, this work provides a reasonable alternative method to synthesize and design novel CNU-TCNQ backbone photocatalyst for organic photosynthesis, CO2 reduction, hydrogen evolution, etc.

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One of the important factors to recover the quality of lifespan of diabetic patients is continuous intensive care of glucose to deliver information for more precise diagnosis and treatment. Up-to-date an incessant glucose sensor uses enzymes with a one-to-twoweek lifespan, which forces episodic replacement. In this context, metal oxide sensor is considered as a substitute to enzymatic sensors owing to the longer lifetime. The present research demonstrate a simplistic conglomeration of nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH) 2 ) and nickel oxide (NiO) nano-particles via a microwave radiation method followed by deposition on a highly porous 3D nickel foam substrate dissipating nickel nitrate Ni(NO 3 ) 2 as the nickel source with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the starting material. The resultant polycrystalline NiO films were annealed and characterized by various techniques. Electrochemical studies reveal that the NiO manifested magnificent stability and outstanding catalytic activity for electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose in the aqueous solution of sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ), enabling an enzyme-free amperometric sensors for glucose designation. The nanorod arrays on distinctive 3D substrate are anticipating to accelerate the sensitivity and efficiency of NiO based electrochemical sensors and heterogeneous catalysts. The NiO based glucose biosensor offered improved properties having extensive linear reciprocation window for glucose concentrations, concise retaliation time, lower recognition level, prominent sensitivity as well as good stability and recyclability.

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The systematic alteration of a carbon nitride unit (CNU) for visible light photocatalytic water splitting is a promising research subject owing to the increasingly serious energy and environmental complications. Herein, the conjugated monomer 3,6‐dibromopyridazine (DBP) is integrated within polymeric carbon nitride (PCN named as CNU = carbon nitride containing urea precursor) via thermal condensation, which is designated as CNU‐DBP. These samples are used for the first time in the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 reduction and hydrogen (H2) evolution through water splitting. Such integration intimidates the electron density, promoting charge transfer separation and elevating the photocatalytic activity of CNU under visible light illumination. The superior sample such as CNU‐DBP9.0 after 4 h of photooxidation generates 65.7 μmol of CO and 17.3 μmol of H2 of the reaction system, emphasizing the highest photocatalytic activity. The H2 evolution rate (HER) for pristine CNU is found as 11.9 μmol h−1, whereas for CNU‐DBP9.0 it is estimated at 178.2 μmol h−1 with 15 times greater activity. This process predicts a significant diversion in the specific area, bandgap, and chemical composition and promotes the efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers from the ground state to the excited state of CNU, thereby considering it a best candidate for the photoreduction of CO2 source and water splitting into H2.