These findings suggest that an increased circulating MCSF concentration reflects atherosclerotic progression in patients with CAD and predicts future cardiac events.

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To determine whether syncope predisposes to sudden cardiac death, variant angina patients with syncope during cardiac attacks were compared with those without syncope. There were 240 consecutive patients (193 males and 47 females) diagnosed with variant angina pectoris. Thirty patients had a history of syncope during cardiac attacks while the remaining 210 had none. The incidence of cardiac events in the former group was 10.0% (3 of 30) and 10.5% in the latter. There were 3 cases of sudden cardiac death, all in the latter group. Significant clinical variables in the syncope patients included inferior ST-segment elevation and serious arrhythmias. We conclude that there is no relationship between syncope during variant angina and sudden cardiac death.

dietary modification, and psychological counseling. The delivery of these comprehensive CR programs is strongly recommended in current guidelines for inpatient and outpatient settings. 6-9Despite the proven effectiveness and guideline recommendations of CR for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, the participation in CR remains low and regional variation exists globally. 10,11 In addition, compared to inpatient CR, referrals for outpatient CR were lower in patients with HF and with coronary artery disease (CAD) D espite considerable advancement in pharmacological and procedural therapies, cardiovascular diseases are still the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. 1,2 In 2020, cardiovascular diseases were the second leading cause of death in Japan, accounting for about one-quarter of total deaths. 3 Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is an evidence-based intervention that is associated with a reduction in mortality, rehospitalization, and improved quality of life, in patients with cardiovascular diseases such as acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and acute heart failure (HF). 4,5 CR is a multidisciplinary intervention to prevent recurrent events, including patient assessment, exercise therapy, optimizing medical therapies,