Phosphodiesterases 4 enzyme is an attractive target for the design of anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator agents. In the present study, pharmacophore and atom-based 3D-QSAR studies were carried out for pyrazolopyridine and quinoline derivatives using Schrödinger suite 2014-3. A four-point pharmacophore model was developed using 74 molecules having pIC50 ranging from 10.1 to 4.5. The best four feature model consists of one hydrogen bond acceptor, two aromatic rings, and one hydrophobic group. The pharmacophore hypothesis yielded a statistically significant 3D-QSAR model, with a high correlation coefficient (R(2 )= .9949), cross validation coefficient (Q(2 )= .7291), and Pearson-r (.9107) at six component partial least square factor. The external validation indicated that our QSAR model possessed high predictive power with R(2) value of .88. The generated model was further validated by enrichment studies using the decoy test. Molecular docking, free energy calculation, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies have been performed to explore the putative binding modes of these ligands. A 10-ns MD simulation confirmed the docking results of both stability of the 1XMU-ligand complex and the presumed active conformation. Outcomes of the present study provide insight in designing novel molecules with better PDE4 inhibitory activity.
Conventional chemotherapy majorly lacks clinical application attributed to its inspecificity, adverse effects and inability to penetrate into tumor cells. Hence, the aim of the study was to prepare oxaliplatin solid lipid nanoparticles (OP-SLN) by microemulsion method optimizing it by Box-Behnken design and then covalently conjugated to TRAIL (CD-253) monoclonal antibody (TR-OP-SLN) for targeting colorectal cancer cells. The optimized OP-SLN3 has shown an appreciable particle size (121 ± 1.22 nm), entrapment efficiency (78 ± 0.09%) and drug loading (32 ± 1.01%). Fluorescence study and the Bradford assay further confirmed the binding of the protein. A 1.5-fold increase in cytotoxicity of immuno-nanoparticles (4.9 μM) was observed.
Phosphodiesterases 4 enzyme is an attractive target for the design of anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator agents. In the present study pharmacophore and atom based 3D-QSAR studies were carried out for pyrozolo[1,5-a]pyridine/4,4-dimethylpyrazolone analogues. A five point pharmacophore model was developed using 52 molecules having pIC50 values ranging from 9.959 to 3.939. The best predictive pharmacophoric hypothesis AHHRR.3 was characterized by survival score (2.944), cross validated (r(2) = 0.8147), regression coefficient (R(2) = 0.9545) and Fisher ratio (F =173) with 4 component PLS factor. Results explained that one hydrogen bond acceptor, two aromatic rings and two hydrophobic groups are crucial for the PDE4 inhibition. The docking studies of all selected inhibitors in the active site of PDE4 showed crucial hydrogen bond interactions with Asp392, Asn395 Tyr233, and Gln443 residues. The pharmacophoric features R15 and R16 exhibited π-π stacking with His234, Phe414, and Phe446 residues. The generated model was further validated by carrying out the decoy test. The binding free energies of these inhibitors in the catalytic domain of 1XMU were calculated by the molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area VSGB 2.0 method. The results of molecular dynamics simulation confirmed the extra precision docking-predicted priority for binding sites, the accuracy of docking, and the reliability of active conformations. Pyrozolo[1,5-a]pyridine/4,4-dimethylpyrazolone analogues in this study showed lower binding affinity toward PDE3A in comparison to PDE4. Outcomes of the present study provide insight in designing novel molecules with better PDE4 inhibitory activity. Graphical Abstract Pyrozolo[1,5-a]pyridines/4,4-dimethylpyrazolones.
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