Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers in Africa. It takes several days to reach a diagnosis using histological examinations of specimens obtained by endoscope, which increases the medical expense. Recently, spectroscopic analysis of bladder cancer tissues has received considerable attention as a diagnosis technique due to its sensitivity to biochemical variations in the samples. This study investigated the use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to analyze a number of bladder cancer tissues. Twenty-two samples were collected from 11 patients diagnosed with bladder cancer from different hospitals without any pretreatment. From each patient two samples were collected, one normal and another cancerous. FTIR spectrometer was used to differentiate between normal and cancerous bladder tissues via changes in spectra of these samples. The investigations detected obvious changes in the bands of proteins (1650, 1550 cm -1 ), lipids (2925, 2850 cm -1 ), and nucleic acid (1080, 1236 cm -1 ). The results show that FTIR spectroscopy is promising as a rapid, accurate, nondestructive, and easy to use alternative method for identification and diagnosis of bladder cancer tissues. Keywords: FTIR for malignancy diagnosis, spectroscopy of biological tissues, nondestructive diagnosis method in biophysics.
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT), with specific laser parameters, in the treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL). Thirteen patients, clinically and by positive smear diagnosed as cases of CL, were referred from Khartoum Teaching Hospital and were considered as study population. The Treatment was done using diode laser probe with wavelength of 820 nm, followed by cluster probe (assembly of non-coherent and coherent diodes). The dose was: I. Diode laser probe with energy density of 48 J/cm2 for thirty seconds. II. Cluster probe with energy density of 9.6 J/cm2 for two minutes. The distance between the probe and the skin was less than 1cm. The frequency of treatment was three sessions weekly for total of ten sessions. The function of LLLT in this study was to reduce inflammation (anti-inflammatory effect) and accelerate healing. The results showed that the response was excellent in the majority of treated patient (92.3 %). The complications were minimal and transient. The results proved that LLLT is a successful treatment method for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and it is easy to perform. Streszczenie Celem badania była ocena efektywności laseroteramii (LLLT), przy określonych parametrach lasera w leczeniu skórnej postaci leiszmaniozy (CL). Trzynastu pacjentów zdiagnozowanych jako przypadki CL (badanie klinicznie i pozytywny rozmaz) z Teaching Hospital w Chartumie zostały zakwalifikowane do badanej grupy populacji. Leczenie wykonywano za pomocą sondy lasera diodowego o długości fali 820 nm, a następnie klasterowej sondy (montaż diod nie-spójne i spójne). Dawka wynosiła: I. Dioda laserowa z sondą gęstości energii 48 J/cm2 do trzydziestu sekund. II. Sonda klasterowa z gęstością energii 9,6 J/cm2 przez dwie minuty. Odległość między sondą a skórą była mniejsza niż 1 cm. Częstotliwość leczenia wynosiła trzy sesje w tygodniu (łącznie dziesięć sesji). Funkcją LLLT w tym badaniu było zmniejszenie stanu zapalnego (działanie przeciwzapalne) i przyspieszenie gojenia. Wyniki wykazały, że reakcja była doskonała u większości leczonych pacjentów (92,3%). Komplikacje były minimalne i przemijające. Wyniki wykazały, że LLLT jest skuteczną metodą leczenia skórnej leiszmaniozy i jest łatwa do wykonania.
Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers in Africa. It takes several days to reach a diagnosis using histological examinations of specimens obtained by endoscope, which increases the medical expense. Spectroscopic analysis of bladder cancer tissues has received considerable attention due to its sensitivity to biochemical variations in the samples. The present study investigated the use of FTIR and laser Raman spectrometer as diagnose tools of bladder cancer. Fourteen bladder samples were collected from 7 patients during surgery from different hospitals without any pretreatment. FTIR, with a ceramic source, was used to differentiate between normal and cancerous bladder tissues via the change in the spectra of these samples. The investigations detected obvious spectroscopic change in the proteins (1650, 1550 cm With FT Raman spectrometer supplied with Nd:YAG laser, as an excitation light source, samples were studied and significant differences between the normal and cancerous bladder tissues were found around Raman shifts of 1650 cm -1 , 1440 cm -1 , 1270 cm -1 and 1080 cm -1 . The comparison between the two techniques showed that Raman spectroscopy holds much promising as a rapid, sensitive, nondestructive method, and easy to use as an alternative method for identification and diagnosis of bladder cancerous tissues.
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