The Use of Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy and Laser – Raman Spectroscopy in Bladder Malignancy Diagnosis, A comparative Study

Abstract

Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers in Africa. It takes several days to reach a diagnosis using histological examinations of specimens obtained by endoscope, which increases the medical expense. Spectroscopic analysis of bladder cancer tissues has received considerable attention due to its sensitivity to biochemical variations in the samples. The present study investigated the use of FTIR and laser Raman spectrometer as diagnose tools of bladder cancer. Fourteen bladder samples were collected from 7 patients during surgery from different hospitals without any pretreatment. FTIR, with a ceramic source, was used to differentiate between normal and cancerous bladder tissues via the change in the spectra of these samples. The investigations detected obvious spectroscopic change in the proteins (1650, 1550 cm With FT Raman spectrometer supplied with Nd:YAG laser, as an excitation light source, samples were studied and significant differences between the normal and cancerous bladder tissues were found around Raman shifts of 1650 cm -1 , 1440 cm -1 , 1270 cm -1 and 1080 cm -1 . The comparison between the two techniques showed that Raman spectroscopy holds much promising as a rapid, sensitive, nondestructive method, and easy to use as an alternative method for identification and diagnosis of bladder cancerous tissues.

Effect of physiological factors on the biochemical properties of colon tissue – an in vivo Raman spectroscopy study

“…The second and third components (PC2 and PC3) explained 11.9% and 11.3% of spectral variance, respectively. Both PCs matched the C─C or C─O stretching from lipids (1078 cm −1 ) and the O─P─O nucleic acids backbone vibration (1078 and 1326 cm −1 ), as well as other lipid contribution (1303 and 1450 cm −1 ) (Fig. (c) and (d)).…”

In vivo diagnosis of cervical precancer using Raman spectroscopy and genetic algorithm techniques

“…nucleic acids and n(C-C) phospholipids), 1240-1260 cm À1 (n(C-N), d(N-H)-amide III), 1320-1340 cm À1 (CH 3 CH 2 wagging of nucleic acids and CH 3 CH 2 wagging of proteins), 1400-1420 cm À1 (CH 3 bending vibration of proteins), and 1625-1645 cm À1 (n(C]O)-amide I(a-helix)). 2,6,15,19,[30][31][32][33] The tentative vibrational assignments of biochemicals in cervical tissue are listed in Table 1. The intensity differences between the normal and precancerous tissues among these selected Raman spectral features were also verified to be significant (p < 0.005, unpaired Student's t-test, 2-sided, equal variances) (Table 1).…”

“…(d d (CCH) of glycogen, n(C-C) of protein and collagen), 979-999 cm À1 (phospholipids, glucose-I 0 -phosphate), 1080-1090 cm À1 (n(PO 2 À ) nucleic acids and n(C-C) phospholipids), 1240-1260 cm À1 (n(C-N), d(N-H)-amide III), 1320-1340 cm À1 (CH 3 CH 2 wagging of nucleic acids and CH 3 CH 2 wagging of proteins), 1400-1420 cm À1 (CH 3 bending vibration of proteins), and 1625-1645 cm À1 (n(C]O)-amide I(a-helix)) (assignments of biochemicals are listed in Table 1). 2,19,30,32,33 For instance, the Raman peak intensity at 925-935 cm À1 (CCH deformation in glycogen and C-C stretching in protein and collagen) was found to decrease with the progression of precancer. The reduction in glycogen was due to the loss of differentiation in the cervical epithelial cells in precancer.…”

“…The outer loop CV was used to estimate the prediction error and to determine the classification of each spectrum. 29,33 Initially, the entire dataset was randomly split into four segments in the outer loop. One of the four segments in the outer loop was withheld as a test set while the remaining segments were considered as the calibration set.…”

A Hierarchical Porous Bowl-like PLA@MSNs-COOH Composite for pH-Dominated Long-Term Controlled Release of Doxorubicin and Integrated Nanoparticle for Potential Second Treatment

“…The obvious peak around 1719 cm −1 in Figure S3a could be assigned to the −COOH group of pBPLA matrixes. In Figure S3b, the pBPLA@MSNs-NH 2 composite exhibited an amide N−H stretch at 3700−3500 cm −1 , 45 amide CO stretch at 1690−1630 cm −1 (amide I band), 46,47 and NH-bending vibration at 1500−1560 cm −1 . 48 As shown in Figure S3c; however, the N−H stretch, amide CO stretch and NHbending vibration all disappeared after further carboxylic functionalization, indicating the successful fabrication of a pBPLA@MSNs-COOH composite.…”