Accurate localization of a vehicle is a fundamental challenge and one of the most important tasks of mobile robots. For autonomous navigation, motion tracking, and obstacle detection and avoidance, a robot must maintain knowledge of its position over time. Vision-based odometry is a robust technique utilized for this purpose. It allows a vehicle to localize itself robustly by using only a stream of images captured by a camera attached to the vehicle. This paper presents a review of state-of-the-art visual odometry (VO) and its types, approaches, applications, and challenges. VO is compared with the most common localization sensors and techniques, such as inertial navigation systems, global positioning systems, and laser sensors. Several areas for future research are also highlighted.

Topical route of administration is the most commonly used method for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases. However, presence of several layers of permeation barriers starting from the tear film till the inner layers of cornea make it difficult to achieve the therapeutic concentrations in the target tissue within the eye. In order to circumvent these barriers and to provide sustained and targeted drug delivery, tremendous advances have been made in developing efficient and safe drug delivery systems. Liposomes due to their unique structure prove to be extremely beneficial drug carriers as they can entrap both the hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. The conventional liposomes had several drawbacks particularly their tendency to aggregate, the instability and leakage of entrapped drug and susceptibility to phagocytosis. Due to this reason, for a long time, liposomes as drug delivery systems did not attract much attention of researchers and clinicians. However, over recent years development of new generation liposomes has opened up new approaches for targeted and sustained drug delivery using liposomes and has rejuvenated the interest of researchers in this field. In this review we present a summary of current literature to understand the anatomical and physiological limitation in achieving adequate ocular bioavailability of topically applied drugs and utility of liposomes in overcoming these limitations. The recent developments related to new generation liposomes are discussed.

Plastic injection moulding is one of the most important polymer processing operations in the plastic industry today. However, lack of skill in mould making and injection moulding machine control will lead to defective plastic product. Warpage is one type of defect that usually appears in products with thickness less than 1 mm.This project is going to fabricate a mould that produced a thin plate with dimension 120 mm × 50 mm × 1 mm. The thin plate will be used for warpage testing. In mould fabrication, the mould base that purchase will be machined and assembled. After that, the mould is fixed on the injection moulding machine. The machine setting should be made to produce the product. Then, the product will be used for testing on the effective factors in warpage problem by applying the experimental design of Taguchi method.From the results, it shows that the most effective factor on the warpage is melt temperature. The filling time only slightly influenced on the warpage. The optimum parameters that can minimize the warpage defect are melt temperature (240 • C), filling time (0.5 s), packing pressure (90%) and packing time (0.6 s).

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