Mesoporous palladium-doped TiO 2 with anatase phase and high surface area was successfully synthesized by using a green sol−gel method with an ionic liquid (IL; 1-butyl-3methylimidazolium ferric chloride), as a template. This IL could be recovered and reused by magnetic separation after synthesis. The synthesized mesoporous sample was characterized through FESEM, XPS, XRD, and N 2 adsorption−desorption methods. The photocatalytic activity of Pd-doped titania in ionic liquid (Pd/IL-TiO 2 ) for the degradation of NO x and CO was investigated. The results demonstrated that the ionic liquid ([BMIM]FeCl 4 ), in combination with Pd dopant, retarded the creation of nanocrystals, with a small grain size (9.1 nm) and, presumably, a larger surface area. With regard to the bare IL-TiO 2 sample, the optical band gap calculated for the Pd/IL-TiO 2 obtained was 2.68 eV in comparison to 2.77 eV. Pd/IL-TiO 2 presented much better NO x (88%) and CO (74%) photodegradation as compared to undoped IL-TiO 2 (59 and 56%) in the same residence time.

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A TiO2/FGO composite manifests high photocatalytic properties for NOx and CO removal as high as three times more than that of bare TiO2.

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In this work, the PIL (poly ionic liquid)@TiO2 composite was designed with two polymerized ionic liquid concentrations (low and high) and evaluated for pollutant degradation activity for benzene and toluene. The results showed that PIL (low)@TiO2 composite was more active than PIL (high)@TiO2 composites. The photodegradation rate of benzene and toluene pollutants by PIL (low)@TiO2 and PIL (high)@TiO2 composites was obtained as 86% and 74%, and 59% and 46%, respectively, under optimized conditions. The bandgap of TiO2 was markedly lowered (3.2 eV to 2.2 eV) due to the formation of PIL (low)@TiO2 composite. Besides, graphene oxide (GO) was used to grow the nano-photocatalysts’ specific surface area. The as-synthesized PIL (low)@TiO2@GO composite showed higher efficiency for benzene and toluene degradation which corresponds to 91% and 83%, respectively. The resultant novel hybrid photocatalyst (PIL@TiO2/m-GO) was prepared and appropriately characterized for their microstructural, morphology, and catalytic properties. Among the studied photocatalysts, the PIL (low)@TiO2@m-GO composite exhibits the highest activity in the degradation of benzene (97%) and toluene (97%). The ultimate bandgap of the composite reached 2.1 eV. Our results showed that the as-prepared composites hold an essential role for future considerations over organic pollutants.