The article examines the historical development of the processes of knowledge accumulation, which eventually led to the formation of the current scientific paradigm, which is the information basis of modern human life. The article is based on the scientific-critical use of previous achievements in the field of history of science. The scientific novelty of the article is a comprehensive presentation of the historical development of the scientific paradigm as a result of a natural dialectical change of its specific stages with appropriate systematization of knowledge (mythology, philosophy, science), caused by the growth of knowledge and development of research methods. contemplation, experiment with the subsequent formation of a theoretical model). Materials, research in the article allow us to say that current trends in the role of science in modern society are forcing us to return to the processes of formation of the scientific paradigm. The latter were complex and nonlinear, and the formation of scientific principles of cognition was their natural result. Throughout human history, the acquisition and use of knowledge about the objective world has been carried out in various, historically necessary forms - both in the methodology of cognition and in the method of systematization, which was determined by the level of their accumulation. The authors note that the accumulation of knowledge in society took place in the process of direct practical activity, on the basis of alleged "external" contemplation and as a result of conscious influence on the object of study (experiment) with their different "specific weight" at different historical stages. Thus, today the scientific paradigm is a natural result of the historical development of forms of knowledge and its highest achievement, and the reduction of its role objectively leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of social development.
In the article, the biography of Blessed Father Klymentiy (Casimir) Count Sheptytsky (1869-1951) has been reconstructed in the "reference-encyclopedic" version on the basis of the achievements of diasporic and contemporary domestic historiography. Given the historiographical disproportions in the coverage of his biography, which has been reflected in relatively little attention to the early period of life and the creation of new "myths", the periodization of main stages (milestones) of life and consistent reconstruction of biography of Casimir / Klymentiy Sheptytsky have been conducted. His family environment, education, worldview formation and evolution have been described, the peculiarities of his social and political activity in the regional societies and the Austrian parliament have been shown, the motives and circumstances of the choice of monastic life have been clarified. The activity of Klymentiy Sheptytsky on the revival and development of Studite monasticism in Galicia, support of Andrey Sheptytsky's initiatives on the development of the Greek Catholic Church in different state-political regimes (Austria-Hungary, ZUNR, the Second Commonwealth, the first Soviet occupation, German occupation and formation of the USSR) and the spread of its influence outside Galicia, in the east, have been analyzed. The tragic page of the last years of Klymentiy Sheptytsky's life from arrest and exile to death has been covered. A number of "unresolved" issues in his biography that require the search for new sources and more detailed scientific studies have been identified, including the cheirotonia of a bishop.
The article analyzes the most important stages in formation and development of the spiritual and cultural paradigm in Western Europe. Formation of both spiritual and religious systems and their subsequent transformations have considerably influenced human consciousness, accompanied by fundamental social, economic, and political changes. The article emphasizes that it is possible to comprehend the nature and scope of these phenomena only provided a comprehensive analysis of European spiritual and religious discourse based on the basic foundations of the historical realities of definite periods. The role of Christian values in creating European civilization is emphasized. The significance of religious norms in the creation process of spiritual algorithms is substantiated. A comprehensive analysis of the Christianity impact on society reveals both the objective reasons of the religious ideas emergence in history and the reverse influence of Christian values and beliefs on secular culture. The crystallization of historical contacts between religious and secular types of spirituality is accompanied by a change in their positions: secular spirituality becomes a dominant category. The article emphasizes that in the modern context religion, largely related to traditional values and outlook, responds to the challenges of globalization. Complex historical and scientific retrospection shows that issues of global culture and global values are the focus of attention due to the religious context which stimulates the complex comprehension of globalization rather than only as a political and economic phenomenon. For many centuries it has been the spiritual and religious paradigm that has formed the global idea. Understanding this algorithm helps to comprehend spiritual and religious values as an enzyme of cultural and secular development.
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