How do authoritarian regimes fragment protest movements in the aftermath of mass protests? How do protest movements deal with these authoritarian measures in return? Based on qualitative fieldwork with 70 young people in Egypt from April until November 2015, I demonstrate that regimes which face major contentious events and transition back to authoritarian rule, utilize two main strategies for fragmenting protest movements: repression and cooptation. The main literature on protest movements contends that regimes respond to protest movements through a combination of repression and concession to offset movement gains and eliminate their motivations for further protests. More concessions are believed to be effective in democratic regimes, while more repression is effective in authoritarian regimes. However, the results of this fieldwork demonstrate the importance of repression in addition to cooptation in authoritarian regimes, which is largely ignored in the literature on protest movements. Cooptation is an instrumental tactic for the regime in two manners: first it creates internal struggles within the movements themselves, which adds to their fragmentation. Second, it facilitates a regime’s repression against protest movement actors. This creates more fragmentation in addition to deterrence to the development of new protest movements and protest activities.
The Arab uprisings have demonstrated the importance of analyzing contentious politics in authoritarian regimes through new analytical tools. During the 1990s, Tarrow argued that research into the areas of democratization and social movements rarely intersected. 1 In trying to fill this gap, Donatella della Porta compared the democratization process in Eastern Europe with the events of the Arab Spring by examining "episodes of democratization through the lens of social movement studies." 2 Political developments and recent literature suggest that democratization is unlikely to develop in Arab countries that have experienced mass contention, with the notable exception of Tunisia. 3 This chapter establishes the theoretical framework for the study of contentious politics in authoritarian regimes.
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