Morphological and functional parameters such as chamber size and function, aortic diameters and distensibility, flow and T1 and T2* relaxation time can be assessed and quantified by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). Knowledge of normal values for quantitative CMR is crucial to interpretation of results and to distinguish normal from disease. In this review, we present normal reference values for morphological and functional CMR parameters of the cardiovascular system based on the peer-reviewed literature and current CMR techniques and sequences.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12968-015-0111-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) enables assessment and quantification of morphological and functional parameters of the heart, including chamber size and function, diameters of the aorta and pulmonary arteries, flow and myocardial relaxation times. Knowledge of reference ranges (“normal values”) for quantitative CMR is crucial to interpretation of results and to distinguish normal from disease. Compared to the previous version of this review published in 2015, we present updated and expanded reference values for morphological and functional CMR parameters of the cardiovascular system based on the peer-reviewed literature and current CMR techniques. Further, databases and references for deep learning methods are included.
Background
Left ventricular (LV) trabeculation is highly variable between individuals, is increased in some diseases (e.g. congenital heart disease or cardiomyopathies), but its significance in population representative individuals is unknown.
Objectives
To determine if excessive LV trabeculation in population representative subjects is associated with preceding changes in cardiac volumes and function.
Methods
The extent of trabeculation, expressed as the ratio of non-compacted to compacted (NC/C) myocardium was measured for technical reasons on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) long-axis cine images in 2742 subjects in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (mean age 68.7 years, 52.3% women, 56.4% with hypertension, 16.8% with diabetes) at the exam 5. These were considered in quintiles of trabeculation extent, with quintile 5’s NC/C 2.46 – 5.41. We determined the relationship between maximal NC/C ratio and preceding change (9.5 year between exam 1 and 5) in end-systolic volume indexed to the body surface area (ESVi). Secondary analysis assessed associations between maximal NC/C and preceding changes in end-diastolic volume indexed to the body surface area (EDVi) and ejection fraction (EF).
Results
Over 9.5 years, ESVi decreased by 1.3 ml/m2, EDVi decreased by 5.1 ml/m2 and EF decreased by 0.6% (p<0.0001). There were no clinically relevant differences in LV volumes and systolic function change between the quintiles of trabeculation extent, even in subjects with the excessive trabeculation.
Conclusions
Greater extent of and even excessive LV trabeculations measured in end-diastole in asymptomatic population representative individuals appears benign and is not associated with deterioration in left ventricular volumes or function over an almost 10 year period.
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