Dental anxiety is one of the most common conditions present amongst the masses globally. It is this fear that makes individuals avoid seeking dental treatment which results in a deteriorated oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). Discrepancies exist in the prevalence of dental anxiety based on gender, education levels, level of deprivation of a society and its socioeconomic status. In this study, a sample size of 522 respondents was collected. Kuppuswamy’s socioeconomic status scale and modified dental anxiety scales were used to collect the necessary data. These data were analyzed by cross tabbing and chi-square test of significance was applied to assess the association between dental anxiety and other factors. Female gender was significantly associated with dental anxiety with p-value = 0.03. Higher education levels and dental anxiety also displayed significant associations with each other, with a p-value of 0.048. Seventy-six percent of the individuals of lower socioeconomic status were prone to be more dentally anxious. Dental anxiety was more significant in individuals with higher levels of education in our study. Respondents who were part of a lower socioeconomic class were also more prone to being anxious while receiving dental treatment. Knowing the factors that cause dental anxiety can help dentists effectively manage and treat their patients.

Background: Papacarie pre-treatment of dentin surface has been reported to exhibit good bond strength values between dentin and composites. Its desirable properties like high pH, sites specify and anti-inflammatory response makes it a future material in place acid etching pre-treatment. Acid etching may cause sensitivity and collapse of dentinal matrix. Methods: This in-vitro study involved, 60 caries free extracted premolars, randomly divided into three groups. Control Group (Group A) No pre-treatment of dentin prior adhesive application. Experimental Group B acid etchant was applied before adhesive application. Experimental Group C Papacarie was used as a pre-treatment agent. All these specimens were tested for shear bond strength with the help of Universal Testing Machine. All the collected data was entered in SPSS version 20.0. ANOVA was used to determine the mean SBS (Shear Bond strength) values of control and experimental groups. Results The mean shear bond strength of material was 7.74±0.47 in group A, 17.80±1.43 in group B and 15.11±0.70 in group C. Group B showing better strength than other two groups. Conclusion: The study provides information about longevity of composite restorations and may help in extending the clinical usage of papacarie to avoid harmful effects of acid etching on dentin and pulpal tissue.

Background: Maxillofacial region’s reference points like interpupillary distance, intercanthal distance, interalar distance and bizygomatic width can significantly contribute toward reconstruction of two-dimensional (2D) facial profiles. Aim: To find correlation between intercanthal to intercanine and interalar to intercanine distance for maxillary anterior teeth selection. Methodology: This study was conducted at de’ Montmorency College of Dentistry/ Punjab Dental Hospital, Lahore from 29-08-2013 to 28-04-2014. Sampling technique was non-probability purposive. 200 subjects are estimated for correlation of intercanthal distance to intercanine distance and correlation of interalar distance to intercanine distance as r=0.302. Results: Out of 200 cases, 102(51%) were 20-40 years of age while 98(49%) were ranging between 41-60 years of age, mean±SD was calculated as 41.01±11.90 years, 135(67.5%) were male and 65(32.5%) were females, correlation among maxillary intercanine distance with other facial land marks shows the distance of intercanine was 37.26±3.91, it was 41.26±4.57 for interalar and 34.50+2.51 was recorded for intercanthal, the value of R2, the coefficient of determination, is 0.0893 for intercanine to intercanthal and 0.0018 for intercanine to interalar. Conclusion: We concluded that intercanthal distance to intercanine distance is more correlated as compared to interalar distance to intercanine distance in Pakistani population. Keywords: Maxillary anterior teeth, intercanthal distance, intercanine distance, interalar distance, correlation

Nano particles of SrCrO4 were manufactured by sol-gel technique. The crystal part ofSrCrO4 is monoclinic having space group P21/n. We calcined it at 950°C temperature. Its cand a lattice parameter are 6.77 and 7.08 which is very close to the reported ones. Ba and Cadoped SrCrO4 were also synthesized by sol-gel method by various concentrations for x= 0.2,0.4, 0.6 and 0.8. Doping samples also sintered at 950°C for 2 hours in order to obtain finepowder. Different characterization techniques such as XRD, Ultra-violet-Spectroscopy, PLSpectroscopy and FTIR Spectroscopy were used to analyze SrCrO4, Ba and Ca-dopedSrCrO4. XRD tells us about the crystal size and dislocation density of samples. The value of2? for the XRD patterns is ranging from 5 to 95. Four peaks are observed in the UV-spectraof SrCrO4 which occur at 350nm, 380nm, 700nm and 750nm. The UV band gap of SrCrO4is 3.25 eV. In PL spectra, two peaks are observed one at 480nm and other at 410nm. At480nm, the energy of emitted photons is 2.5eV, while at 410nm the emitted photons hasenergy of 3ev. In the FTIR analysis, the core modes frequently showed by CrO4 unit aresymmetric stretching bond (?1 (A1)), symmetric bending mode (?2 (E)), asymmetricstretching mode (?3 (F2)) and asymmetric bending mode (?4 (F2)).

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Objective: The object of this survey study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of dentists towards resin bonded bridges across Pakistan. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed among 500 dentists across Pakistan as a google form through electronic media. The questionnaire had three sections. First two sections had details about purpose of study and demographic details respectively. In the third section knowledge, attitude and practice of the participants were assessed. Knowledge and attitude were scored. Level of knowledge and attitude towards use of RBBs was correlated with other variables. Significance of factors related to RBB success was evaluated as percentages. Results: A total of 162 males (78%) and 128 females (63.1%) had adequate knowledge. Overall, 303 (75.2%) participants were inclined to use the RBB while only 100 (24.8%) were not in the favor of using this treatment. 286 participants (71%) were confident to offer this treatment to their patients however, 85% of them actually employed RBBs for ≤ 20% of their tooth replacements. Lack of skills was considered as a major hindrance to employ RBB treatment followed by the lack of technical support. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that participants are poised in knowledge regarding RBBs but they are reluctant to use this confidently because of lack of practical skills. Modest use of RBB in clinical practice is a question mark and a food for thought. Keywords: Resin Bonded Bridges, Conservative Dentistry, Minimally Invasive Dentistry.

Hepatitis B virus is the most common cause of death in developing country like Pakistan. Most common acute symptoms of this DNA virus are nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fatigue and jaundice skin and eyes. Mode of transmission is via blood and its products. Most commonly healthcare workers are the volunteer spreading the virus among the community because of lack of knowledge and improper teaching methodology and assessment methods. Identifying and rectifying the community health issues are very important. BDS and MBBS students' knowledge must be assessed and measures are needed to improve. Material and methods: Cross sectional study of two months had been conducted in Islam Medical and Dental College Sialkot to assess the knowledge of hepatitis B virus and their attitude towards hepatitis B patient’s care in clinical medical and dental OPD and wards. Close ended questionnaire to assess knowledge and attitude was given. Results: 83 students participated in this study. Mean age of students is 22 years. 41(49.39%) 3rd year BDS students and 42(50.60%) 3rd year MBBS students were included. 61.5% MBBS students had given correct answered about hepatitis B knowledge while 56% BDS students had given correct answered about attitude towards hepatitis B patient care. Conclusion: 3rd year MBBS students have better knowledge of hepatitis B virus than BDS students while BDS students have slightly better attitude towards hepatitis B patient care.

The use of modern technology infrastructure is regarded as critical for the successful adoption of innovative teaching approaches. Objective: To determine the attitudes and concerns of medical and dental faculty about the use of E-learning as a medium of instruction during the Covid-19 outbreak. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 368 faculty members from Medical and Dental Colleges of Punjab province was conducted utilizing a questionnaire developed following a thorough literature review and analysis of questionnaires from previous studies. A 5-point Likert scale was used to record knowledge, attitude, and practice, and the questionnaires were graded. SPSS version 22 was used to enter the data. The mean and SD of quantitative variables such as age and total score for knowledge, attitude, and practice score was calculated. Gender, education level, knowledge, attitude, and practice were all represented as frequency (%). Results: Zoom was shown to be the most commonly utilized software (69.0%). E-learning was deemed a beneficial tool in medical education by 56% of the respondents. An equal percentage of individuals (35%) agreed and disapproved the use of E-learning approaches over traditional ones. Only 30% participants resisted the change from traditional educational methods. Technological infrastructure was considered crucial for successful implementation of E-learning by 46% of the participants. Conclusion: Faculty members are using the available infrastructure to implement E-learning teaching modalities to the best of their knowledge and abilities.