A quickly growing number of characteristics reflecting various aspects of gene function and evolution can be either measured experimentally or computed from DNA and protein sequences. The study of pairwise correlations between such quantitative genomic variables as well as collective analysis of their interrelations by multidimensional methods have delivered crucial insights into the processes of molecular evolution. Here, we present a principal component analysis (PCA) of 16 genomic variables from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the largest data set analyzed so far. Because many missing values and potential outliers hinder the direct calculation of principal components, we introduce the application of Bayesian PCA. We confirm some of the previously established correlations, such as evolutionary rate versus protein expression, and reveal new correlations such as those between translational efficiency, phosphorylation density, and protein age. Although the first principal component primarily contrasts genomic change and protein expression, the second component separates variables related to gene existence and expressed protein functions. Enrichment analysis on genes affecting variable correlations unveils classes of influential genes. For example, although ribosomal and nuclear transport genes make important contributions to the correlation between protein isoelectric point and molecular weight, protein synthesis and amino acid metabolism genes help cause the lack of significant correlation between propensity for gene loss and protein age. We present the novel Quagmire database (Quantitative Genomics Resource) which allows exploring relationships between more genomic variables in three model organisms-Escherichia coli, S. cerevisiae, and Homo sapiens (http://webclu.bio.wzw.tum.de:18080/quagmire).
This study analyses venom from the elapid krait snake Bungarus sindanus, which contains a high level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The enzyme showed optimum activity at alkaline pH (8.5) and 45°C. Krait venom AChE was inhibited by substrate. Inhibition was significantly reduced by using a high ionic strength buffer; low ionic strength buffer (10 mM PO 4 pH 7.5) inhibited the enzyme by 1. 5mM AcSCh, while high ionic strength buffer (62 mM PO 4 pH 7.5) inhibited it by 1 mM AcSCh. Venom acetylcholinesterase was also found to be thermally stable at 45°C; it only lost 5% of its activity after incubation at 45°C for 40 minutes. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) for acetylthiocholine iodide hydrolysis was found to be 0.068 mM. Krait venom acetylcholinesterase was also inhibited by ZnCl 2 , CdCl 2 , and HgCl 2 in a concentrationdependent manner. Due to the elevated levels of AChE with high catalytic activity and because it is more stable than any other sources, Bungarus sindanus venom is highly valuable for biochemical studies of this enzyme.
The toxicological effects of the active ingredients of the herbicides diuron and bentazon on the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of krait (Bungarus sindanus) venom and electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) were studied. The diuron and entazon caused non-competitive inhibition of AChE from both species. For the venom AChE, the calculated IC50 for diuron and bentazon were found to be 3.25 and 0.14 μM, while for eel AChE, the respective IC50 values were 3.6 and 0.135 μM. In comparison, bentazon was a more potent inhibitor than diuron of AChE from both species. The insecticide lindane did not have any inhibitory effect on AChE activity in either species, even when tested at high concentrations (200-800 μM).
Objective: To determine the effect of obestatin administration on FSH, LH, testosterone, leptin and MDA levels in obese Sprague Dawley Rats. Study Design: Laboratory based animal study. Place and Duration of Study: Physiology department, Army Medical College Rawalpindi, from Mar to Jun 2015. Methodology: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at Physiology Department Army medical college. Male healthy Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n–15 each) i.e. control group (group I) fed with normal pellet diet (NPD), obese group (group II) and obestatin treated obese group (group III) fed with high fat diet (HFD). After 10 weeks, group III was treated with obestatin (1nmol/100ml intraperitoneally). Blood samples were obtained by terminal intracardiac sampling for bioasssays of FSH, LH, testosterone, leptin and MDA by ELISA. Results: Obestatin supplementation in obese rats showed significant increase in LH levels (3.79 ± 0.05) and testosterone levels (2.07 ± 0.22) when compared to the non treated obese rats (2.19 ± 0.07) and (1.37 ± 0.15) respectively while significant decrease in leptin (3.85 ± 0.23) and MDA levels (1.62 ± 0.07) was observed when compared to the non-treated control groups (6.10 ± 1.18) and (1.95 ± 0.07) respectively. However, serum FSH levels remained unchanged among the treated and nontreated groups. Conclusion: Obestatin increases the testosterone levels by augmenting the pituitary gonadal axis through decrease in the oxidative stress and leptin levels in obese rats.
N, N, N', N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) is extensively used for initiating polymerization of acrylamide and bisacrylamide gel for electrophoresis and for inorganic complex structure formation. The present study evaluates the toxicological effect of TEMED on structures of rat brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. In vitro study showed that the Ki values for striatum, cortex, cerebellum and hypothalamus were found to be 1.24, 1.4, 1.45 and 1.47 mM. Kinetics studies indicated that TEMED caused mixed type of inhibition that is a combination of competitive and noncompetitive inhibition in striatum, cortex, hypothalamus and cerebellum. The result showed that km increased and V max decreased with increase in TEMED concentration. The IC50 values calculated for striatum, cortex, cerebellum and hypothalamus were found to be as 0.92, 0.92, 1.44 and 1.42 mM. The present study indicates that TEMED is a toxicant for brain via inhibition of AChE. Therefore, proper precaution should be made during its handling.
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