Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) is a process of scheduling the required load demand among available generation units such that the fuel cost of operation is minimized. The ELD problem is formulated as a nonlinear constrained optimization problem with both equality and inequality constraints. In this paper, two test systems of the ELD problems are solved by adopting the Cuckoo Search (CS) Algorithm. A comparison of obtained simulation results by using the CS is carried out against six other swarm intelligence algorithms: Particle Swarm Optimization, Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm, Bacterial Foraging Optimization, Artificial Bee Colony, Harmony Search and Firefly Algorithm. The effectiveness of each swarm intelligence algorithm is demonstrated on a test system comprising three-generators and other containing six-generators. Results denote superiority of the Cuckoo Search Algorithm and confirm its potential to solve the ELD problem.
This paper present sufficient conditions to construct an exponential state estimator for a class of infinite dimensional non-linear systems driven in a real Hilbert state description. The theory is applied to a nonisothermal plug flow tubular reactor, governed by hyperbolic first order partial differential equations. For this application performance issues of the exponential state estimator design are illustrated in a simulation study.
A semi-linear reduced-order state estimator is presented to reconstruct approximately the state variable initially unknown of a class of nonlinear tubular reactors models, namely the exothermal plug-flow tubular reactor involving sequential reactions for which the kinetics depends on both the temperature and the reactant concentration. Our conception is based on bounded observations and the analysis of the nonlinear set of partial differential equations. It is shown that the given observer design admits a global unique solution and ensures asymptotic state estimator with exponentially decay error, when only the temperature is available for measurement at the reactor outlet. Simulation results are also presented showing the effectiveness of the proposed observer design.
Background: Today, the number of allergy is increasing in industrialized countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies allergic diseases to be the fourth in the world of affections. The frequency of respiratory allergy including asthma and allergic rhinitis due to pollen is increasing in the young and urban dwellers in developed countries. The prevention and management of allergy in universities is an area of active interest because allergies and asthma rates among young people continue to increase. The allergic reactions are less serious whereas they can develop into a serious form of asthma and anaphylaxis that can endanger life and require immediate medical care. A better understanding of the prevalence and characteristics of allergy can help guide to strategy of management against development of allergic rhinitis, asthma and anaphylaxis within and outside academic institutions in order to reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality. Objective: This study was carried out for a characterization of pollen allergy and its relation with the environment in the university establishment in order to propose strategy of management against this disease. Methods: The project was to study pollen allergy in FPBM in an effective sample of 529 randomly chosen within a range of about 7,000 students. A survey was made for a descriptive studies. Results: The percentage of students allergic to pollen surveyed in the FPBM was 39%. This percentage was within the confidence interval of all students in the allergic FPBM [35%; 44%] estimated 5% error risk. This results prove that our sample was representative. We also found that the most common symptoms of pollen allergy among its students are the nasal symptoms (sneezing and nasal itching). These symptoms characterize allergic rhinitis. Our study shows that the olive tree is the main allergen causing pollen allergy in the region. This study shows that most students have allergies in the spring season; this could be explained by the pollinisation of olive tree in this period. Our study shows that the majority of surveyed students are allergic to one or two types of plants and the cross-reactivity between pollen and food was the most dominant. Conclusion:The case reported here is particularly interesting because, to the best of our knowledge, high percentage of allergy to the pollen in the region Beni Mellal-Khenifra has not reported before. Olive tree was the main allergen, this can be explained by the richness of the region of Beni-Mellal-Khénifra with this plant. These results are unexpected; normally these youngsters must present a resistance to the pollen present in the region because they are native and have an adaptation to the environment. But we find an almost quarter of the young people surveyed in the area present the allergy. This allows us to ask several questions about the relationship between environment and the development of allergy.
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