The adsorption of cadmium and lead ions on purified and acid-activated Azad Kashmir clays were investigated in a batch system. Solutions of lead and cadmium having concentrations typically found in industrial wastewater were used to develop a cheap and reliable adsorbent using local clay for removal of heavy metals from wastewater. The raw clay sample was purified and activated by sulphuric acid before being used for adsorption study. It was characterized by X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis according to the International Standards of Testing (ASTM C 323-56, 2016). The effects of factors like pH, adsorbent quantity, concentration of adsorbate and temperature were studied for both metals. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were used for analysis of adsorption equilibrium. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated. Azad Kashmir clay removed lead and cadmium with maximum adsorption capacity of 3.93 mg metal/g and 7.81 mg metal/g of clay (30ºC; pH 7.3). These values were calculated by applying Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms to the actual experimental results obtained in this study. The thermodynamic data indicated that the adsorption reaction for cadmium is spontaneous and exothermal while it is endothermic for lead. The Freundlich model provided best fit for sorption isotherms for both cadmium and lead.
Adsorption of Chromium ions on Aluminium Pillared Interlayered Clays (Al-PILC) prepared from Bentonites originating from Pakistani sources of Peshawar and Samwal was investigated in a batch system. The raw clays were purified and chemically converted into Na-Bentonite. Pillaring procedure was performed on Na-Bentonite with pillaring oligomer solution to prepare Al-PILC. Both Raw and Al-PILC forms of Peshawar and Samwal clays were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction and Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) analysis before conducting adsorption studies. The effects of factors like adsorbent quantity, the concentration of adsorbate, pH and temperature were analyzed. Highly efficient adsorption of chromium ions in solution was achieved by Al-PILC. Based on the overall results of percentage removal of chromium ions in solution and in view of efficiency, simplicity, low cost, and reliability, Al-PILCs can provide a promising intervention for the elimination and control of environmental hazards associated with chromium pollution generated from leather industries in Pakistan.
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