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Four novel hydrogels based on chitosan were synthesized via a cross-linking reaction of chitosan with different concentrations of oxalyl bis 4-(2,5-dioxo-2H-pyrrol- 1(5H)-yl)benzamide. Their structures were confirmed by fourier transform infrared X-ray (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction. The antimicrobial activities of the hydrogels against two crop-threatening pathogenic fungi namely: Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus, RCMBA 06002), and Aspergillus niger (A. niger, RCMBA 06106), and five bacterial species namely: Bacillis subtilis (B. subtilis, RCMBA 6005), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, RCMBA 2004), Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumonia, RCMB 000101) as Gram positive bacteria, and Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium, RCMB 000104), and Escherichia coli (E. coli, RCMBA 5003) as Gram negative bacteria have been investigated. The prepared hydrogels showed much higher antimicrobial activities than that of the parent chitosan. The hydrogels were more potent in case of Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. Increasing the degree of cross-linking in the hydrogels resulted in a weaker antimicrobial activity.

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UC patients show significantly decreased lung function tests in comparison to healthy controls. The impairment in active disease exceeded that during the remission. Early recognition is important, as they can be strikingly steroid responsive.

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The chemical cross-linking of carboxymethyl chitosan (O-CM-chitosan), as a method for its modification, was performed using trimellitic anhydride isothiocyanate to obtain novel cross-linked O-CM-chitosan hydrogel. Its structure was proven using FTIR, XRD and SEM. Its adsorption capacity for the removal of Methylene Blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution was studied. The effects of different factors on the adsorption process, such as the pH, temperature and concentration of the dye, in addition to applications of the kinetic studies of the adsorption process, adsorption isotherm and thermodynamic parameters, were studied. It was found that the amount of adsorbed MB dye increases with increasing temperature. A significant increase was obtained in the adsorption capacities and removal percentage of MB dye with increasing pH values. An increase in the initial dye concentration increases the adsorption capacities, and decreases the removal percentage. It was found that the pseudo-second-order mechanism is predominant, and the overall rate of the dye adsorption process appears to be controlled by more than one step. The Langmuir model showed high applicability for the adsorption of MB dye onto O-CM-chitosan hydrogel. The value of the activation energy (Ea) is 27.15 kJ mol−1 and the thermodynamic parameters were evaluated. The regeneration and reuse of the investigated adsorbent was investigated.

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