No abstract

E-waste is the fastest-growing type of waste in the world. The formal sector can play a role in managing waste according to environmental standards and minimizing the risk of fraction recovery with supporting facilities. However, the formal sector of e-waste management simply cannot compete with its informal sector, which has a dominant role in Indonesia. This study aims to identify what factors influence formal sector e-waste management, how it is currently performing, and to design better policies for e-waste management. This research uses the System Dynamics approach to view the complex systems of e-waste management holistically. In Jakarta, public awareness and the competition with the informal sector were the biggest challenge in this industry. The results show that public awareness-raising policies can gradually improve reverse logistics performance and economic benefits. In addition, the WEEE Processing Fund policy can double the performance and economic benefits.

No abstract

Penelitian ini merupakan kegiatan lanjutan dalam inventori lichen/lumut kerak genus Stereocaulon dengan fokus pada Stereocaulon massartianum Hue yang dikoleksi di daerah bebatuan Danau Diatas, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia. Berdasarkan penelusuran literatur, kajian fitokimia, dan aktivitas farmakologis dari spesies ini masih sedikit. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kandungan metabolit sekunder dan potensi aktivitas antibakterinya. Thallus kering lichen S. massartianum dimaserasi bertingkat dengan pelarut n-heksan, etil asetat dan metanol. Kemudian pemisahan senyawa dengan metode kromatografi dan rekristalisasi. Senyawa-senyawa hasil isolasi dianalisis secara spektroskopi (UV-Vis, FTIR, 1H dan 13C-NMR). Uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode difusi agar terhadap ekstrak etil asetat, dan KLT-Bioautografi untuk senyawa hasil isolasi. Tiga senyawa berhasil diisolasi dari ekstrak etil asetat, yaitu atranorin (1), asam stiktat (2) dan asam norstiktat (3). Hasil uji antibakteri dari ekstrak tersebut menunjukkan aktivitas antagonis terhadap bakteri patogen S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli, dan P. aeruginosa pada konsentrasi 10 dan 20 %, dan KLT-bioautografi dari senyawa 3 memperlihatkan daerah hambat pertumbuhan pada semua bakteri uji.

Objective: Propolis extract showed an excellent in vitro performance against yeast and was additionally found to be fungistatic and fungicidal. Propolisextract is also used for treatment and prevention of fungal infections. However, its effectiveness against Candida albicans biofilm formation requiresinvestigation. The study evaluated the ability of propolis to inhibit C. albicans while the fungus is growing as a biofilm in vitro.Methods: Two reference strains, C. albicans ATCC 25923 and a clinical strain (laboratory stock), were used in this study. For the biofilm experiment,the fungi were cultured in Tryptic Soy Broth medium with 1% sucrose and incubated at 37°C for 24 h, and different concentrations of ethanol extractof propolis were used as the inhibitor agents. Biofilm assays were performed in 96-well microtiter plates, quantification of the total biofilm biomasswas performed using a crystal violet staining method, and the Student’s t-test was chosen for statistical analyses.Results: Our data showed that 3 h incubation with propolis did not affect the biomass in the experimental group compared to the control. When theincubation time was extended to 18 h, the biomass increased significantly compared to the control.Conclusion: This study showed that several concentrations of propolis did not inhibit biofilm. However, in each incubation time, we observed nohyphal morphology in the biofilm mass. Propolis might attenuate the opportunistic virulence of fungus growing as a biofilm in vitro. Further studiesare necessary to confirm this phenomenon.