Methionine 1 (M1)-linked ubiquitination plays a key role in the regulation of inflammatory nuclear factor-jB (NF-jB) signalling and is important for clearance of pathogen infection in Drosophila melanogaster. M1-linked ubiquitin (M1-Ub) chains are assembled by the linear ubiquitin E3 ligase (LUBEL) in flies. Here, we have studied the role of LUBEL in sterile inflammation induced by different types of cellular stresses. We have found that the LUBEL catalyses formation of M1-Ub chains in response to hypoxic, oxidative and mechanical stress conditions. LUBEL is shown to be important for flies to survive low oxygen conditions and paraquat-induced oxidative stress. This protective action seems to be driven by stress-induced activation of the NF-jB transcription factor Relish via the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway. In addition to LUBEL, the intracellular mediators of Relish activation, including the transforming growth factor activating kinase 1 (Tak1), Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) Diap2, the IjB kinase c (IKKc) Kenny and the initiator caspase Death-related ced-3/Nedd2-like protein (Dredd), but not the membrane receptor peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP)-LC, are shown to be required for sterile inflammatory response and survival. Finally, we showed that the stress-induced upregulation of M1-Ub chains in response to hypoxia, oxidative and mechanical stress is also induced in mammalian cells and protects from stress-induced cell death. Taken together, our results suggest that M1-Ub chains are important for NF-jB signalling in inflammation induced by stress conditions often observed in chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer.Abbreviations AMP, antimicrobial peptide; daGal4, daughterless-Gal4; DAMP, danger-associated molecular pattern; Diap, Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis; Dif, Dorsal-related immunity factor; Dredd, death-related ced-3/Nedd2-like protein; DUB, deubiquitinating enzyme; Fadd, fas-associated death domain; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; HOIL-1L, heme-oxidised iron-responsive element-binding protein 2 ubiquitin ligase-1L; HOIP, HOIL-1interacting protein; IKK, IjB kinase; Imd, immune deficiency; LDD, linear ubiquitin chain-determining domain; LUBAC, linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex; LUBEL, linear ubiquitin E3 ligase; NF-jB, nuclear factor j-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells; NZF, npl4 zinc finger; PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern; PGRP, peptidoglycan recognition protein; PIM, PUB-interacting motif; PNG, peptide N-glycanase; PRR, pattern-recognition receptor; PUB, UBA or UBX-containing protein; RBR, RING in between RING; RING, really interesting new gene; SAMP, stress-associated molecular pattern; SHARPIN, SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein (SHANK)-associated RBCK1 homology (RH) domain-interacting protein; Sima, similar; Tab2, transforming growth factor-b-activated kinase 1 binding protein 2; Tak1, transforming growth factor activating kinase; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; TUB...
Methionine 1 (M1)-linked ubiquitination plays a key role in the regulation of inflammatory nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling and is important for clearance of pathogen infection in Drosophila melanogaster. M1-linked ubiquitin (M1-Ub) chains are assembled by the linear ubiquitin E3 ligase (LUBEL) in flies. Here, we have studied the role of LUBEL in sterile inflammation induced by different types of cellular stresses. We have found that LUBEL catalyses formation of M1-Ub chains in response to hypoxic, oxidative and mechanical stress conditions. LUBEL is shown to be important for flies to survive low oxygen conditions and paraquat-induced oxidative stress. This protective action seems to be driven by stress-induced activation of the NF-κB transcription factor Relish via the Immune deficiency (Imd) pathway. In addition to LUBEL, the intracellular mediators of Relish activation, including the Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) Diap2, the IκB kinase γ (IKKγ) Kenny and the initiator caspase Death-related ced-3/Nedd2-like protein (Dredd), but not the membrane receptor peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP)-LC, are shown to be required for sterile inflammatory response and survival. Finally, we showed that the stress-induced upregulation of M1-Ub chains in response to hypoxia, oxidative and mechanical stress is also induced in mammalian cells. Taken together, our results suggest that M1-Ub chains are important for NF-κB signalling in inflammation induced by stress conditions often observed in chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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