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The subjects of the study were 32 extracted teeth, with dentine occlusal or proximal carious lesions similar in size (D3), excavated down to the healthy or affected dentine, controlled with two methods-visual and tactile (by Bjørndal) and fluorescent. Pictures were taken from the tooth samples and the resulting images were subject to a software color analysis with the use of the Hue, Saturation and Brightness color system. Results: Visual and tactile controlled mechanical excavation down to the healthy dentine results in the dentine at the bottom of the excavation having the same characteristics as the healthy dentine, which indicates that the method is sufficiently objective but there is a risk of over-excavation. After applying the fluorescently controlled method and the fluorescence disappears after the excavation, the dentine at the bottom of the excavation has a much darker coloration than the healthy dentine. Conclusion: The fluorescent method of control gives us the opportunity to leave non-infected, demineralized dentine at the bottom of the cavity and should be the preferred method in the light of minimally invasive treatment of dentinal caries.

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Background: Periodontal pathology in children has distinctive characteristics that can be accounted for by the peculiarities of the age, the dynamically changing oral environment, and the processes of formation and stabilization of periodontal structures during teeth eruption. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the composition of the subgingival microbiota during permanent dentition formation in puberty. Materials and methods: The study included 30 children aged between 10 and 15 years without gingivitis (up to 25% PBI), with good oral hygiene, with no systemic diseases or reception of antibiotics for 3 months. The clinical status of all children was assessed using a specially designed chart based on the periodontal examination chart of a child adopted by the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, FDM-Sofia. Gingival sulcus samples were taken with a paper pin from 6 teeth for a PCR – Real Time study of 9 control strains (a comprehensive sample). The samples were sent for investigation in standardized containers. Results: C. gingivalis (green complex) was found in almost all tested children and F. nucleatum (orange complex) - in more than half of them. The rest of the tested samples for microorganisms was isolated in just few of the children (6% - 17%). A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis were not isolated in this study. Conclusion: The results of the study suggest that a significant amount of the periodontal pathogens migrate to the subgingival zone relatively early, immediately after the permanent teeth eruption, and become a risk factor for the development of periodontal disease.

During puberty there are increased levels of sex hormones, which can affect the oral environment. At this period, there is a peak prevalence of periodontal pathology believed to be related to alteration in the subgingival microflora. This study investigated the interaction between sex hormones isolated in the saliva, and the subgingival microflora in children undergoing puberty. The study included 60 children aged 10-14 years who were monitored: 30 without gingivitis (up to 25% Papillary Bleeding Index-PBI) and good oral hygiene, and 30 children with plaqueinduced gingivitis (over 50% PBI). All patients were registered with a periodontal status using a medical card developed for this purpose. For the study of sex hormones (oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone), samples of unstimulated saliva were taken under fasting condition in the morning and were tested by using labelled immunological analysis and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry [LC-MS (MS(QQQ)]. Gingival sulcus from six teeth was taken with paper pins to test nine control strains (pooled sample) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results showed that, when comparing children with gingivitis with healthy children, only the oestradiol hormone had elevated values. In the children with gingivitis, the composition of the subgingival microflora was much more varied and complex, with a tendency to increase the species diversity of microorganisms from the red complex. The oestradiol levels in saliva correlated with the total number of subgingival microorganisms, as well as with some species of microorganisms, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Peptostreptococcus micros, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia.

Aim: The aim of the present study is an epidemiological study of risk factors and the prevalence of periodontal disease in children aged 10-14 years. Materials and methods: The subject of the study were 457 children. All were clinically examined, and the data were recorded on a specially designed card. Each child was assessed for risk periodontal profile in 4 levels, which includes: assessment of oral hygiene habits; registration of dental status, reporting of carious lesions and obturations on surfaces dangerous for periodontal health (proximal, cervical); the presence of orthodontic anomalies and other risk factors; assessment of the plaque index of Silness-Loe (PLSL); assessment of gingival index according to Loe and Silness (GILS) Results: Carious lesions at risk for gingival inflammation surfaces are registered in 59% of children, at risk for periodontal health fillings in 32% and orthodontic anomalies in 37%. The studied children showed relatively good oral hygiene (PLSL-0.43 ± 0.28), which improved with age, with the largest amount of plaque observed on the proximal and vestibular surfaces. Over 88% of children have mild gingival inflammation (GILS-0.56 ± 0.42), mainly affecting the front teeth in both jaws. Conclusions: Gingival inflammation in 10-14 year old children covers more than half of the studied children, with mild forms of inflammation predominating with a relatively low oral hygiene index. 2/3 of registered caries and 1/3 of the fillings have a localization which presents a risk for periodontal health. Orthodontic anomalies are the next most serious risk factor for plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation.

Introduction: Caries in permanent teeth most often start from the occlusal surfaces of the first molars, soon after eruption at the age of six. At that point the occlusal surfaces are at risk due to the presence of many retentive areas. Aim-To study the spread and characteristics of cavitated dentine caries in the first permanent molars after eruption. Methodology: 351 children, distributed into two groups were subjected to the study: the first group-6 to 9-year olds, and the second group-10 to 12-year olds. The registration of the oral status was carried out with an epidemiological card for oral health assessment-brief bio, dental status and description of the cavitated carious lesions in the dentine. The clinical description of the D3 carious lesions present was determined according to the localization of the carious lesions (occlusal, approximal, cervical), the color and the consistency of the carious dentine, via the Bjørndal et al scale. Results: The results of this study show that children aged 6 to 12 have on average three to four carious teeth. Dentine carious lesions D3 with occlusal localization in the first permanent molars are plausibly more numerous than the carious lesions with approximal and cervical localization. In the first permanent molars, the dentine carious lesions with occlusal localization are characterized by darker colors of carious dentine and a relatively hard consistency. Conclusions: In the first permanent molars the more slowly progressing carious lesions are predominant.