Any improvement in agricultural systems that results higher production aimed to reduce negative environmental impacts and enhance sustainability plant growth regulators (PGRs) such as gibberellin have similar physiological and biological effects to those of plant hormones, and therefore used widely in agriculture to minimize unwanted shoot growth without lowering plant productivity.An experimental field was conducted at Giza Experimental Station Egypt, on sugar beet plants (Beta vulgaris L. var. Sara poly) with some plant growth regulators (gibberellin and proline) foliar application at three rates of zero (control), 100 and 200 mg l−1 and boron sources (Boric acid and B-NPs) with 75% of macro-nutrients from full dose.The main target of this study to evaluate another plant growth regulator source like proline which is safer than gibberellin for maximizing sugar beet biological parameters to reduce the gap between sugar consumption and production in presence of boron sources.Data showed that the foliar applications of gibberellin (GA3) at rate 100 mg l−1 and proline at 200 mg l−1 were found to be the more effective without significant differences for plant growth, productivity and quality may be due to increased N use efficiency, especially at sub-optimal macro nutrient fertilizers. Regard to boron sources, B-NPs had positive effect on all biological parameters under study due to sugar transport, cell membrane synthesis, nitrogen fixation, respiration, carbohydrate metabolisms, root growth, functional characteristics and development.
soil, increasing soil organic matter, and reducing the amount of synthetic fertilizer needed for crop production (Grandy et al., 2002). Antoun and Besada (1990) showed that highest levels of NH + 4 -N occurred with clover residues, whereas nitrogen from reached its lowest value with maize stalks treatments. They added that the addition of maize stalk depressed the level of soil mineral nitrogen. Awad (1994) concluded that the enrichment of the soil with crop residues specially those of high nitrogen content enhanced N mineralization as it produced in the order: peanut > corn > untreated.In fact, many investigators reported that the nutrients release from plant residues and organic materials during mineralization process, which is dependent mainly on C/N and different nutrients ratio. The optimal value of C/N ratio is in fact between 26 and 33 (Chaparro et. al., 1984). Corn yield response to compost and soil amendments depended on the C/N ratio of the compost, however, at a low C/N ratio (<20:1) of compost applied at 88 t ha -1 might be sufficient to meet the needs of the crop in the first year after application. When compost with a C/N ratio >20:1 was applied at the same rate, additional N fertilizer would be needed to maximize yield potential. Another study involving solid waste from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) processing operations resulted in high rates of N mineralization (Smith, 1986).In respect to of effect organic materials on macronutrients uptake by plants, Laila (2001) reported that the application of cotton stalks and rice straw composts and improved farmyard manure significantly increased the chemically available N, P, and K in the cultivated soil; rice straw was better than cotton stalks. Yield of wheat and corn crops and concentration of N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu either in plant leaves at flowering stage or in grain yields of wheat and corn were increased in all treated treatments. Also, P, K and micronutrients concentrations in leaves or grains of wheat or corn crops were significantly higher in all treated treatments, except of nitrogen, as compared to those of inorganic fertilizer, especially after corn harvesting.Eghball and Power (1999b) found that P-or N-based compost or manure application resulted in similar corn grain yield, but the P-based systems had significantly less soil available P after 4 yr of application. In this connection, Eghball (2002) reported that after 4 yr of N-or P-based manure and compost applications, soil surface C and N concentrations and quantities were greater in the N-compared with the P-based management systems. Singer et al., (2004) studied that applying organic matter as a soil amendment to cropland reduces requirements for synthetic fertilizer and may eliminate yield differences between conventional and minimum tillage. Also, they found that averaged across all crops and tillage, compost-amended soil had 63 g kg-1 organic matter and 164 mg kg-1 P vs 56 and 55 in untreated compost. Corn and soybean producers can enhance yield with multiple compost applicati...
The current study is of importance to support the local knowledge, concerning the best use of land and available water resources whether be under demand for agricultural utilization or be planned for later on use. Also, it represents an environmental problem at a new industrial city of El Asher min Ramadan area, i.e., the utilization of contaminated industrial wastewater used as an irrigating source for an adjacent agricultural desert area. In that concerning a hazardous that may cause toxic effects on both crop products and human health. Consequently, it should be executed a suitable soil amendment practices to minimize such possible adverse effects. In this connection, two soil sites are of sandy loam and sandy clay loam texture grades as well as 7 and 13 years land use periods in agricultural utilization, respectively, and directly irrigated with contaminated industrial wastewater after being passed through an oxidation pond were undertaken in this study. These soils are encompassing by the aeolian deposits, and classified as Typic Torriorthents, coarse (soil site 1) or fine loamy (soil site 2), mixed, thermic. According to a parametric evaluation system, they could be evaluated as moderately (S2s1s3s4) and highly suitable (S1s1s3s4) for soil sites 1 and 2, respectively, with an intensity degree for each of soil texture, CaCO 3 and gypsum as soil limitations lies in the range of slightmoderate (rating = 90-75).An elemental composition analysis was executed on each of the studied two soil sites, besides the industrial wastewater used for irrigating them, and it was found that available contents of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Ni within the permissible limits, with one exception for Cd content whose laid at the upper critical limit for soil site 1 and exceeded it in soil site 2, since the soluble Cd content in the available irrigation water source is more than the permissible limits. That means both the studied irrigation water source and soils are Cd-polluted ones. Thus, Zn-soil amendment was a matter of concern in this work due to support the antagonism phenomenon between Cd and Zn through their uptake by plant roots. Hence, a field experiment was conducted on the chosen two soil sites, where wheat (Triticum astivum, c.v. Giza 163) and barley (Hordeum vulgare, c.v. Giza 126) were sown during the winter season of 2005-2006. The investigated soil plots were irrigated with industrial wastewater in randomized complete block design, with three replicates. The agricultural management practices were conducted as usual. Zn was applied to soil plots under study at three rates, i.e., 0, 5 and 10 kg Zn fed -1 in form of zinc sulphate (22 % Zn) as soil application.The obtained results showed a beneficial effect of Zn, especially at a high Cd level on the grown plants. Also, applied Zn caused more
A field experiment was carried out on a newly reclaimed calcareous soil with sandy loam texture class at a Private Farm adjacent to Alexandria road (km 52), and cultivated with tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) under two irrigation systems (furrow and drip) during growing season of 2005. Fertilization methods were carried out as soil and fertigation applications. The used fertilizers were urea (46% N) and mono-potassium phosphate (15% P 2 0 5 and 38% K 2 O), with rates of 100 kg N fed -1 , 40 kg P 2 O 5 fed -1 and 48 kg K 2 O fed -1 . This work aims to study the effects of irrigation and fertilization methods on tomato yield and fruit quality, with special reference to NPK fertilizers use efficiency.At the elongation stage (60 days after transplanting), some selected plants were taken to determine some vegetative growth parameters, i.e., plant height, dry weight, leaf area index, number of flowers per plant and the chlorophyll concentration (a and b) as well as N, P and K uptake by plants. Soil samples were also taken at different depths (0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm) to determine available N, P and K. In addition, at harvest (90 days after transplanting) tomato yield and the fruit quality parameters (firmness, total soluble solids, titrable acidity, vitamin C and total sugar) were identified.The obtained results reveal that experimental soil is classified as Typic Haplocalcids, coarse loamy, mixed, thermic. According to a parametric evaluation system, it could be evaluated as moderately suitable (S2s1s3s4), with an intensity degree for each of soil texture, CaCO 3 and gypsum, as soil limitations, lies in the range of slightmoderate (rating = 90-75). In addition, the used irrigation water source (underground water) lies in the first category of C1S1, where ECiw and SAR values lay within the range of < 0.75 dS/m and < 6.00, respectively.Moreover, the obtained data show that the abovementioned vegetative growth parameters recorded the highest increases at fertigation system followed by NPK fertilization as soil application under drip and furrow irrigation ones. Also, available N and K contents in soil behaved the same abovementioned trend of irrigation and fertilization systems, with superiority for fertigation NPK one in soil surface (0-15 cm), may be due to their lesser by leaching. As for available phosphorus, it was prone to fix at the point of application (soil surface). The aforementioned trend was positively reflected on NPK uptake by plants and tomato yield, where fertigation NPK exhibited relatively higher N, P and K uptake as compared to NPK fertilization under drip and furrow irrigation systems. The relative increases in tomato fruit yields reached 36.68 and 16.80% for fertigation and drip over the furrow irrigation system, respectively. Fertigation NPK exhibited significantly higher fruit
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