This study assesses the impact of credit constraints on soybean farmers' welfare in subsistence agriculture in Togo. In order to control potential sample selection bias, the endogenous switching regression method was adopted and data collected from a random sample of 500 soybean farmers were used. The results showed that farmers' age, being a member of the soybean organization and selling the soybean to a recognized NGO or to a private organization and growing cotton or cashew are the main determinants of access to full amount of credit. The results show a discrimination against gender in accessing the full amount of credit. Formal education and participating in the extension programs would increase farmers' welfare. Increasing land cultivation would increase women's welfare compared to men. Adopting intercropping technique as conservation agriculture has positive and significant impact on women's welfare. Moreover, having access to the full amount of credit increases soybean production by 1.35% and farmers' revenue by 1.32%, compared to farmers without having access to the full amount of credit. These results suggest the rethinking of the role of agricultural credit in soybean farmers' welfare in the study areas with great attention to the gender dimension.

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The study analyses the effect of global value chains participation (GVCP) on CO2 emissions and assesses whether digitalization technologies can enhance environmental quality. We use panel data estimation techniques for 112 developing countries over the period 1990–2018. Findings show that the GVCP contributes to environmental degradation. Other factors that increase environmental damage include FDI inflows, industrial value‐added and electricity consumption. However, renewable energy consumption significantly reduces CO2 emissions. Findings show that digitalization is an effective channel in reducing CO2 emissions in the GVCP in developing countries. These findings have important policy implications in exploring the GVCP's development dynamics in upgrading opportunities from digital technologies to reduce environmental pollution and promote sustainable growth in developing economies.

This study assesses the impact of climate change (CC) adaptation on farm-level revenue among 500 soybean farmers randomly selected in three districts in Togo using endogenous switching regression method. The survey results indicate that only 40.37% of the women have adapted to CC against 59.62% of the men. Moreover, being member of farmer-based organization (FBO), access to credit and extension services, agricultural training of women are the main factors that increase the likelihood of adaptation. The gender-differentiated impact shows that women would earn more than men from adaptation, while losing compared to men if they do not take any adaptation actions. The loss from non-adapting to CC will increase by 0.268% of the soybean revenue. However, the heterogeneity effects suggest further assessment on the adopted technology in soybean farming in the study areas. Adaptation policy that seeks to ensure food security and enhance farmers' welfare in subsistence agriculture should consider the gender dimension, while reviewing the financial policy in terms of affordability, access of extension