Social, economic and ecological development in rural areas is currently the main concern of the Indonesian Government at the national level. This study aims to determine the extent to which village funds are used by the government and village communities for the development of the agricultural sector and the application of the development paradigm in the agricultural sector. The population in this study were all villages in South Sulawesi that received Village Fund assistance from 2015 to 2019. Sampling was based on village classifications according to the Developing Village Index (IDM). Based on the results of the analysis method, it shows that the Village Fund can only be used to fund two of the four activity sectors that can be financed from the Village Fund in the agricultural sector, namely the development sector and the rural empowerment sector. Public. Whereas the application of the development paradigm in each village is based on the village classification using the Village Fund in the agricultural sector, namely: 1) The village is very backward adopting the Post-Structuralist paradigm. 2) under developed villages adopt the Post-Structuralist paradigm. 3) Building the village by adopting the Liberal paradigm. 4) developed villages adopt a liberal a paradigm. 5) independent villages adopt a liberal paradigm.
International Monetary Funding agency acts as lender of the last resort for all the countries. Pakistan availed so many times the IMF loans since 1958's but still the status of the country is not improved to be amongst the developed countries. The study is undertaken to discuss about the effect of IMF loan upon the economic development of Pakistan. The objective of the study is to analyze the effect of IMF loans upon improving socio-economic dynamics of the residents of Pakistan. However, the study seeks to answer the question of whether IMF interest-based financing serves to develop Pakistan's economy or undermines economic development in Pakistan. The qualitative research methodology is applied subjectively in order to build conceptual framework by applying inductive paradigm. It is expected that IMF loans for Pakistan has undermined the economic development in Pakistan and has widened the miseries of economically disadvantaged people of Pakistan in terms of compromising their rights to health, food and quality of life because it is based upon interest which goes against Islamic Shariah as well as against Islamic identity of the country. Moreover, Pakistan pays certain cost towards availing IMF debt financing upon interest.
The purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of the project, “Market Development Initiativefor Bondhu Chula”. Most people in the rural area of Bangladesh use a traditional cooking device.Biomass is the primary source of energy for cooking devices. The limitations of traditional cookingdevices demand the introduction of Bandhu Chula, which is claimed to be energy efficient andenvironment-friendly. Hence potential entrepreneurs were trained to produce and sell this newdevice. The study employed a qualitative approach. Fourteen stakeholders were interviewed. Thestudy found that users were not aware of this, and the local government representatives were notsensitized. Only 4 per cent of households at Kachuai union of Patiya upazila of Chottogram werefound to use Bondhu chula – a fact, which indicates that the project failed to create entrepreneurs.However, the users, and women, in particular, were found to be happy to use this cooking device as itis less time consuming, energy-efficient, less costly and easy to cook.
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