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X-ray diffraction and FTIR and 13 C NMR spectroscopies have been utilized to observe the inclusion compounds (ICs) formed by poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and low molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) oligomer with urea (U). We have confirmed that PEO-U-IC formed from solution has a trigonal crystal structure, while recrystallization from the melt produces a hexagonal PEO-U-IC. PEG-U-IC apparently adopts a crystal structure different from the trigonal and hexagonal forms of PEO-U-IC, and single crystals of PEG-U-IC are currently under investigation by X-ray diffraction. The conformations of PEO and PEG chains in their U-ICs appear similar to the TGT bulk crystalline conformation, while the all-trans conformer does not appear to be consistent with either the FTIR or the 13 C NMR observations. For solution-formed PEO-U-IC in the trigonal crystal structure, where one-third of the urea molecules are hydrogen-bonded to the PEO chains and reside in the channels, the mobility of the included PEO chains is similar to that of the bulk crystalline PEO. This is quite different from the usual observations made on hexagonal polymer-U-ICs, where spin-lattice relaxation times observed for the carbon atoms of the included polymers are much reduced (often more than 1 order of magnitude) from those observed for the same polymer in their bulk crystals. It is proposed that the direct involvement of the urea molecules in the trigonal channels of PEO-U-IC with the included PEO chains is the source of their reduced mobility.

Conformational changes occurring during thermally‐induced crystallization of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) by annealing have been studied using density measurement, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mid‐infrared spectroscopy (MIR). Infrared spectra of amorphous and semicrystalline PTT were obtained, and digital subtraction of the amorphous contribution from the semicrystalline PTT spectra provided characteristic MIR spectra of amorphous and crystalline PTT. The normalized absorbance of 1577, 1173, and 976 cm−1 were plotted against the crystallinity showing that these bands can be used unambiguously to represent the trans conformation while the band at 1358 cm−1 can be used to represent gauche conformation of methylene segment. The presence of a weak band at 1358 cm−1 in the amorphous spectrum suggested that a small amount of gauche conformation is present in the amorphous phase. Infrared spectroscopy has been used for the first time as a means to estimate the trans and gauche conformations of methylene segments in PTT as a function of Ta. The amount of gauche conformation was plotted against the crystalline fraction and the extrapolation of this plot to zero crystalline fraction provided a value of 0.07, suggested that the pure amorphous phase consist of ∼ 7% gauche conformation. It was found that the amorphous and crystalline gauche conformation increases at the expense of amorphous trans conformation during thermally induced crystallization of PTT. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 1497–1504, 2008

Drawn polyamide 6 (PA6) fibers were characterized with X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, density measurement, and optical microscopy. The α and amorphous orientation functions were determined by polarized FTIR spectroscopy. It was demonstrated for the first time that the infrared band at 1124 cm−1 could be used to determine the amorphous orientation functions of drawn PA6 fibers and films. α, γ, and amorphous orientation functions increased rapidly at lower draw ratios and increased slowly at higher draw ratios. The amorphous orientation functions measured by polarized FTIR spectroscopy did not agree with those determined by a combination of wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and optical birefringence measurements, attributed to possible error in the estimated birefringence. The α and γ crystallinity of undrawn fiber (DR = 1) were ∼24 and 6%, respectively, which increased to ∼13 and 39% at a draw ratio of 4 (DR = 4). The WAXD data suggested that γ crystal grew in the hydrogen‐bonding direction as well as the van der Waals direction during deformation. The decrease in γ crystallinity and increase in γ crystallite size with the draw ratio were attributed to the disappearance of small crystallites and an increase in the average γ crystallite size population during the deformation process. The increase in density with the draw ratio was attributed to crystal‐to‐crystal transformation as well as strain‐induced crystallization. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2870–2877, 2003

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