Background and Aim: Pediculus humanus capitis, the human head louse, remains a global health problem. This study evaluated the resistance of head lice to permethrin and 6-paradol mediated by in vitro detoxification enzyme activity experiments and to describe physical changes in the lice using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: The adult stages of P. h. capitis were collected from patients exposed to 1% permethrin and three different concentrations of 6-paradol (0.00005%, 0.0001%, and 0.00015%) using a filter paper diffusion bioassay. Healthy P. h. capitis adults served as the control. The in vitro bioassays were conducted after 10, 20, 30, and 60 min of exposure. The activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and oxidase were analyzed. Physical changes in the lice were analyzed using SEM. Results: Permethrin and 6-paradol exhibited low toxicity against the lice. At 60 min, 1% permethrin had killed 36.7% of the lice present, while 6-paradol had killed 66.7-86.7%. Permethrin induced significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity; 6-paradol also caused significantly elevated AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. Permethrin did not cause any ultrastructural morphological changes on the lice, while 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice. Conclusion: This in vitro experimental of P. h. capitis is the first study to report P. h. capitis in East Jakarta shows complete resistance to permethrin and 6-paradol, and to describe the associated increase in AChE, GST, and oxidase activity. It was observed that 6-paradol severely damaged the head, thorax, respiratory spiracles, and abdomen of the dead lice.
Malaria still be health problem in the world, especially in Eastern Indonesia. Malaria's inflammation and metabolism defect can cause colonic damage, such as enhancement Muc-1 protein expression and goblet cells hyperplasia. Sambiloto and spirulina combination as antiinflammatory and antioxidative agent can prevent medial colon damage Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice. The aim of the study to show the effect of sambiloto and spirulina combination on Muc-1 protein activity in medial colon Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice. This study use preserve male Swiss Webser mice colonic tissue which has inoculated by Plasmodium berghei ANKA, whose treatment group include positive control (dehyroartemisin piperaquine), negative control (carboxymethil cellulose), AP (sambiloto), AP+ES (sambiloto+spirulina extract), and AP+PS (sambiloto+spirulina powder) and terminated after 28 days of treatment. Colonic tissue was stained with immunohistochemistry and observed using light microscope (400x) in five different field and was analyzed with ImageJ® sowtware, and statisitcal analysis was done with SPSS 20.0. According to One Way ANOVA and Duncan posthoc test, only AP+PS (120,98 ±3,37), which significantly difference between negative control, AP, and AP+ES group. Meanwhile, between DHP, AP+PS group not significantly differenece. Sambiloto extract and spirulina powder combination can reduce Muc-1 protein expression in medial colon Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice.
BACKGROUND: Malaria remains a global health concern and an endemic disease in Indonesia. Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) and spirulina (Spirulina platensis) are two potential antimalarial agents which act as antioxidants and antiinflammatories that can suppress morbidities during chronic inflammation in malaria, such as proliferation in the colon. This study aims to investigate the effects of A. paniculata extract and S. platensis administration on Ki-67 expression in medial colon epithelial cells of Plasmodium berghei-infected mice measured by H-score.METHODS: Thirty P. berghei-infected male Swiss-Webster mice were divided into five groups: negative controls (carboxymethyl cellulose/CMC); positive controls (dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine/DHP); A. paniculata extract alone (AP); A. paniculata extract in combination with S. platensis extract (AP+ES); and with S. platensis powder (AP+PS). All mice were infected with P. berghei on day 0. The treatment for each group were given 3 days before infection (D-3) until the day of infection (D0) for 28 days after infection. Colon tissues were processed with immunohistochemistry to detect Ki-67.RESULTS: A difference in Ki-67 expression was observed among the groups (p<0.01). The mean H-score for the CMC control group is 135.503±6.723. The lowest level of Ki-67 expression was observed in the AP+PS group (H-score= 110.941±7.079). AP group did not show a significant difference from the CMC group (p=0.514) and neither did the AP+ES group (p=0.234).CONCLUSION: In conclusion, administration of A. paniculata extract and S. platensis powder lowers Ki-67 expression in medial colon epithelial cells of P. berghei-infected mice.KEYWORDS: malaria, spirulina, Ki-67, Andrographis paniculata, Spirulina platensis
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