Naphtha catalytic reforming process using bimetallic platinum and titanium loaded on nano synthesized HY zeolite was investigated for the product octane number enhancement. The activity of five samples of the prepared catalyst with different bimetallic loading of 0.13, 0.25 wt% Pt and 0.75, 1, 2.2 wt% Ti were investigated for Iraqi heavy naphtha catalytic reforming at the temperature range of 490, 500 and 510 °C and pressure of 10 bar in a packed bed pilot plant reactor. The best result of the research octane number was 84 for reformate product using the sample of 0.13% Pt-0.75% Ti%/HY zeolite at temperature 510 °C and 10 bar achieving 47% increase. All samples of the prepared catalyst showed a good stability during the operation at severe conditions and the maximum carbon content was about 9% due to the deposition of coke precursor on the catalyst surface. The reformate yield was investigated for all catalyst samples under 10 and 20 bars and the same range of temperature and ranged from 89 to 94%. These results are encouraging for future possible replacement of the conventional catalyst by the local synthetic zeolite. Octane number was correlated on the basis of constituent's boiling points. The maximum absolute error between the experimental and predicted octane number was about 3 and 5% using 10 and 20 bar respectively.
An artificial neural network (ANN) was applied for the prediction of the heat transfer coefficient in bubble columns, in order to obtain a general model and to facilitate the scale up of these multiphase contactors, covering a wide range of operating conditions, physical properties, and column dimensions, obtained from literature. A large number of data was collected (more than 1000) via a comprehensive literature survey. Selected parameters affecting the heat transfer coefficient were organized in six groups to serve as the input parameters. These were: gas superficial velocity, gas density, liquid density, diameter of the column, liquid viscosity, and gas hold-up. Four Back-Propagation Networks (BPNNS) were built. Two were trained using a different number of input parameters. The first ANN was trained with six inputs, which were the aforementioned parameters. The second was trained with three inputs only. These were gas velocity, liquid viscosity and gas hold-up. Each ANN was examined for two structures i.e., one hidden layer and two hidden layers. Comparison between these networks was made to find the optimal ANN structure with minimum %AARE and the maximum correlation coefficient (%R). It was found that the ANN structure of [6-13-1] with a %AARE of 16.2 and a %R of 94 was the best.
Oxidation of sulfur compounds in fuel followed by an adsorption process were studied using two modes of operation, batch mode and continuous mode (fixed bed). In batch experiment oxidation process of kerosene with sulfur content 2360 ppm was achieved to study the effect of amount of hydrogen peroxide(2.5, 4, 6 and 10) ml at different temperature(40, 60 and 70)°C. Also the effect of amount acetic acid was studied at the optimal conditions of the oxidation step(4ml H2O2 and 60 °C).Besides, the role of acetic acid different temperatures(40, 60, 70) °C and 4ml H2O2, effect of reaction time(5, 30, 60, 120, 300) minutes at temperatures(40,60) °C, 4ml H2O2 and 1 mlHAC) and effect of reaction temperature were studied.
The results showed that the percentage removal of sulfur compounds increases with the increasing amount of hydrogen peroxide and amount of acetic acid also the percentage removal of sulfur compounds increases by addition acetic acid, reaction time up to 300 minutes and reaction temperature.
In the fixed bed adsorption process, the oxidized kerosene having sulfur content being reduced to 939.28 ppm, was let to flow through a bed of 10Ni/ -Al2O3. The results showed that a sulfur removal of 95.38 % was obtained. By this the total sulfur removal of 98.38 % was obtained from the two consecutive processes. The resultant fuel had only 43.47 ppm. Also a study of the capability of the same bed to desulfurize raw feed of kerosene of 2360 ppm of sulfur compounds was investigated. 43.3% removal of sulfur compounds was achieved which reflects the catalytic properties of the adsorbent which could act as an oxidative adsorptive material. The results showed that by increasing feed flow rate, the breakthrough curve becomes steeper. Also the maximum removal of sulfur compounds was obtained in the case of bed height 20 cm and flow rate 0.3 l/h.
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