This article introduces a simple, rapid, and reliable solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method coupled with GC-MS for the quantitative determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water. In this study, the Taguchi experimental design was used to optimize extraction conditions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using SPME method to obtain highly enriched analytes. Consequently, quantitative determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water was achieved by GC-MS technique. The selected parameters affecting enrichment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were sample extraction time, stirring speed, temperature, ionic strength, and pH. The study revealed that optimal operating conditions were found to be 90-min extraction time, 1400 rpm stirring speed, and 60°C sample temperature. The effect of ionic strength and pH were shown to be insignificant. Optimized conditions were also reevaluated by placing the 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons into several subgroups based on their molecular weight. The extraction efficiency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with low molecular weight was shown to be a function of only the extracting temperature. Satisfactory results were obtained for linearity (0.983-0.999), detection limits (2.67-18.02 ng/L), accuracy (71.2-99.3%), and precision (4.3-13.5%). The optimum conditions reported by other design approaches were evaluated and generalized optimum conditions were suggested.
An extensive monitoring study of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was conducted at sites across the highly industrialized town of Dilovasi, northern Turkey to determine temporal and spatial trends in pollutant concentrations and relate to the effects of source locations, meteorology, and topography. Two-week passive samplers (Tenax tubes) were deployed at twelve sites from February to December 2012 and analysed using thermal desorption and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (TD-GC-MS). Sampled total VOC (TVOC) levels were highest in the July through October period and were highest at low-altitude sites near industry facilities and vehicle traffic sources (148.3 µg/m(3) at site 11, 154.1 µg/m(3) at site 10) and lowest at high-altitude sites located furthest upwind from industry and traffic sources (78.4 µg/m(3) at site 5 and 78.5 µg/m(3) at site 6). Analysis of "T/B" ratios suggested that contributions to ambient VOC in Dilovasi are dominated by the town's industrial sources. Meteorological conditions and the town's basin topography were also found to significantly influence the city's air quality, with strong winds from the NE observed to correlate with periods of higher sampled TVOC. Compared with other industrialized urban centers, the study revealed that there is significant toluene pollution in Dilovasi and recommended enhanced continuous monitoring at the city's industrial and residential zones.
Phenolic compounds are an important class of the antioxidants and found in several natural products. Research on the phenolic compounds having antioxidant properties present in natural pruducts like fruits, spices and herbs are increased in recent years. Electroanalytical methods have low detection limits very short analysis time and require less budge as well. These advantages make the electroanalytical methods favorable and voltammetric analysis methods are one of the preferred methods in determination of the compounds having antioxidant properties present in different matrices. In this study, curcumin in turmeric samples were quantitatively determined by using edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode (EPPG) and differential pulse voltammetry. Electrooxidation behaviour of curcumin was also examined by using cyclic voltammetry method. A three electrode electrochemical cell was used for voltammetric analysis. Edge plane pyrolitic graphite (EPPG), was used as working electrode, saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was used as reference electrode and Pt wire electrode was used as counter electrode in the cyclic voltamety and differential pulse voltametry studies. A linear relationship between anodic peak current and curcumin concentration was observed between 0.325 μM to 1.95μM at EPPG electrode with differential pulse voltammetry. Detection limit was calculated as 0,296 μM and the method successfully applied for detection of curcumin amount in a turmeric sample.
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