Ten different water samples were collected from Ratuwa River and its tributaries. The laboratory test was carried out by standard procedures (APHA methods), and the measured values were compared with the Nepal standard recommended by Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS). Statistical analysis also had been used to calculate the correlation coefficients and to plot the regression equations of various parameters with electrical conductivity. The aim of the study was to identify the parameters that affect the electrical conductivity and evaluate the percentage contribution of these parameters. The correlation matrix shows that color, total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride (Cl), fluoride (F), total phosphorus (TP), total alkalinity (TA), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and dissolved oxygen (DO) have a significant effect on the electrical conductivity (EC). Among these parameters, TDS has the highest contribution (39.65%) followed by total alkalinity (23.5%), total hardness (19.9%), chlorine (6.5%), and calcium (5.5%) ions, respectively. However, color, TP, fluoride, and DO have almost 1.45% contribution to the electrical conductivity.
The conductivity of the anionic surfactant sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) is measured in binary mixed solvent media containing 0.000, 0.080, 0.252, and 0.440 mass fractions of methanol, ethanol, and propan-1-ol at temperatures of 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K, separately, within the concentration range of ∼1.89 × 10 −2 to 2.20 × 10 −4 mol•kg −1 . The addition of alcohols separately in water decreases the dielectric constant and solvophobic effect and increases the viscosity of the mixed media in the entire range of investigations. The dissociation of AOT gives rise to a simple cationic sodium ion and a bulky anionic dioctyl sulfosuccinate (DS) ion composed of a hydrophobic tail and a polar head. The conductivity was found to be positively correlated with the dielectric constant, solvophobic effect, and temperature, while it was found to decrease with the increase in viscosity for the given mixed medium. To support the experimental measurement, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for different mixed media, wherein reasonable agreement was found for the electrical conductivity of AOT. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed for the pristine DS and AOT to study their electronic properties in the absence of solutions. It turns out that the electronic conductivity arises in the AOT mixture, supporting the findings of experimental and MD simulations.
The conductivity measurement of nickel chloride has been done in binary solvent of the ethanol-water system. The different percentage of ethanol including 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 (v/v) has been chosen as binary solvents. The concentration of the electrolyte in the prepared solutions varies from 0.008 to 0.1 mol.l-1 for temperatures 298.15 K, 303.15 K and 308.15 K. The conductivity of the electrolyte decreases with increase in ethanol content in the solvent at a particular temperature, which is due to the decrease in dielectric constant of the medium. The conductivity increases with increase in temperature and concentration, due to increase in mobility of ions and number of ions from observed electrolyte respectively. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v12i0.11789BIBECHANA 12 (2015) 128-134
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