Oral polio vaccine (OPV) has served as the cornerstone of polio eradication efforts over the past 30 years, trivalent inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) has re-ascended to prominence in the past year, now acting as the sole source of protective immunity against type 2 poliovirus in routine immunization programmes. The Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic plan 2013–2018, developed by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) outlines the phased removal of OPVs, starting with type 2 poliovirus–containing vaccines and introduction of inactivated polio vaccine in routine immunization to mitigate against risk of vaccine-associated paralytic polio and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus. Bangladesh J Medicine Jan 2020; 31(1) : 22-28
The newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease that it causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) have changed the world. Many virulence factors and immune mechanisms contribute to the deteriorating effects during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Both humoral and cellular immune responses are involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. The clinical picture of COVID-19, immune memory and reinfection remains unclear and unpredictable. An electronic search of PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google scholar was performed, and citation relevance was determined according to the aim of the review.Other relevant literature was manually searched as compliment. More than 60 relevant scientific articles and reports were considered. We have reviewed the literature describing immunological aspects of COVID-19.Through this review, we tried to explain theimmune pathogenesis of SARS CoV 2infection providing high-quality evidence to understand SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology, its interaction with target cells and the immune response to the virus, including the contribution of dysfunctional immune responses to disease progression in patients with COVID-19, based on the recent research progress of SARS CoV 2 and the knowledge from researches on SARS CoV and MERS CoV. Different therapeutic options have been implemented to find effective, even though not specific, treatment to the disease, many hopes are put in developing an effective vaccine against the virus. Understanding the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 may provide important clues for effective vaccine and treatments of this disease. Bangladesh J Medicine January 2021; 32(1) : 43-52
Measles is an infectious agent of viral origin with exceedingly high rate of transmissibility contributing to very high morbidity and mortality rates especially among children. Although measles is extremely infectious, control strategies of this virus used to be recognized as one of the most successful public health interventions ever undertaken. However, despite being vaccine-preventable disease measles has encountered an enormous resurgence as the rate of measles vaccination has declined and in many countries vaccination targets remain unmet and measles continues to claim hundreds of thousands of lives each year. This review discusses the reasons of the re-emergence of measles, the present global and Bangladesh situation and strategies that have been undertaken to combat this killer disease to eliminate measles globally by the year 2024. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2020; 14(1): 53-58
not available Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2016; 10 (2): 27-32
Background: CD4 T-lymphocyte apoptosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection may occur due to activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway or triggered via death receptors. In this study, the differential expression of the genes involved in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway was investigated on circulating CD4 T-lymphocytes of HIV-infected patients and healthy controls. Methods: The study included 55 HIV patients who were (1) asymptomatic antiretroviral therapy naive, (2) symptomatic antiretroviral therapy naive, and (3) on antiretroviral therapy. As control 20 healthy persons were included. CD4 T-lymphocytes were isolated from blood samples of HIV patients and healthy controls using density gradient centrifugation method and by negative selection from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (using CD4+ T Cell Isolation Kit followed by total RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis. Genes involved in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway of CD4+ T-lymphocyte including BAX, BAK, BIM, MCL-1 and BCL-2, Caspase-3, Caspase-9 and Calpain-1 were selected and analyzed by real-time PCR to detect their expression. The fold changes of gene expression of PLHIV groups were compared with that of healthy controls. Results: Among the genes under study, no significant upregulation in the expression of BAX, BAK, Caspase-3, Calpain-1 and no significant downregulation in BIM, MCL-1 expression was observed with the exception of upregulation of BCL-2 and downregulation of Caspase-9 expression which were statistically significant (p <0.05). None of the studied genes showed any significant correlations between the gene expressions and CD4 T-lymphocyte count. Conclusion: Gene expression of intrinsic apoptotic pathway may not have significant effect on peripheral CD4 T-lymphocytes count in HIV infection and treatment. Bangladesh J Medicine 2022; 33: 176-185
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