Malaria is a life-threatening parasitic disease transmitted from person to person through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito. The transmission of malaria can be determined by climatic and host factors. The objective of this paper is to trace the host factors of malaria incidence and also to determine the relationship between climatic factors and malaria incidence in Lakhimpur district of Assam. In order to examine the association between monthly malaria incidence rates and climatic variables, Pearson correlation analysis has been used. Also, Chi-square test for independence of attributes is performed to trace the host factors of malaria incidence. A uctuating trend was observed for reported malaria cases during the years 2000-2011. Both positive and negative correlation have occurred between climatic variable and MIR. Also, we have observed that male is more affected by malaria incidence than female. Among the age groups, the age group 15-39 years was found most affected age group than other age groups. After Chi-square test for independence of attributes we reveal that malaria depends on sex and age. SUMMARY: From our study, we suggest that even if the climatic factors play a primary role for transmission of malaria, sex and age are other important risk factors in characterizing malaria incidence in the district.
Background: Evidences suggest relationship between periodontitis and systemic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, adverse pregnancy outcome, osteoporosis and chronic kidney diseases. Except for acute toothache and complicated local infection, other dental problems are often considered trivial, hence dental health is often neglected or omitted in health related discourses. Aims and Objectives: (1) To assess the patient load in dental OPD compared to other outpatient departments and (2) examine the distribution of dental diseases among different age, gender and caste of dental patients in a tertiary care hospital over a 5 year period. Materials and Methods: A hospital based retrospective study was conducted using data from Medical Record department of all OPD attendees (1,174,605) during the period from January 2016 to December 2020 in the tertiary care hospital of Arunachal Pradesh. The total number of dental OPD patients (57,198) was compared with the total and department wise OPD attendees during the same period. Out of all Dental patients , data of 11,225 were found to be complet ( cross checked MRD record with OPD register) hence analysed for distribution of disease as per age/ sex/ ethnicity. Results: Emergency and Casualty department reported highest patient load, lowest in cardiology. Overall dental patient OPD load was highest in 2019 and lowest in 2020. Common dental problems were caries and its complications, root stamp/retained tooth, dental calculus, stain, and trauma related dental problems. Most of the trauma related cases were males, whereas other conditions like dental caries, root stamp, complication of caries, and dental calculus/stain were more common in females. Conclusion: Data shows that the number of dental patients among all OPD attendees is high and the dental problems they present with are diverse in nature. The treatment provisions available in most health care centres are largely inadequate. Inclusion of Oral and Dental health in Planning of community health programs, sensitisation of all health care providers the importance of interdepartmental consultation with dental department and education of the masses in oral and dental care/hygiene are of paramount importance.
BACKGROUND A lactational breast abscess is a localized accumulation of infected fluid in breast tissue, due to which many women stop breastfeeding. Lack of adequate anaesthesia is the most common factor limiting incision and drainage (I & D) in the Emergency Department (ED). The present study was planned to compare the efficacy of dexmedetomidine and propofol among patients undergoing incision and drainage (I & D) for lactational breast abscess. METHODS A total of 50 consenting patients in the age group of 18-40 years, American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) I and II undergoing incision and drainage (I & D) of lactational breast abscess were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups of 25 patients each. Group D received dexmedetomidine and Group P received Propofol. Sedation score, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), requirement of rescue injection fentanyl, patient satisfaction, surgeon satisfaction and complications were recorded. RESULTS Baseline values of the mean heart rate and mean systolic blood pressure were comparable between the groups, but intraoperatively, there was a statistically significant reduction in the mean heart rate and mean systolic blood pressure. There was statistically significant fall in systolic blood pressure in group P [8 (32%) vs 2 (8%)]. There was statistically significant difference in requirement of injection fentanyl in group D [3 (6%) vs 12 (24)]. Both, patient satisfaction and surgeon satisfaction were significantly better in D group when compared to P group. Sedation score and time to achieve adequate RSS was comparable between both the groups. CONCLUSIONS Dexmedetomidine seems to be a better drug with minimal haemodynamic instability when compared to propofol.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are transmitted from one person to another through sexual contact, caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites. STDs are becoming a major public health problem in India. The objective of this paper is to determine the prevalence of awareness of STD among the youth age group of 15-24 years old residing in the urban slum of Jorhat town. The study shows that in the age group 15-19 years, 62% individuals were not aware about STDs while about 52% were not aware in the age group 20-24 years. The present study reveals that only about 61% individuals opined that STDs are transmissible and only 42% say that STD is preventable. It is concluded from the study that majority of the individuals in the study group are unaware about STD's.
Introduction: Ear, nose and throat diseases are some of the common causes of absenteeism among the school going children and can contribute to various co-morbidities. The most common among the Ear, Nose, Throat (ENT) diseases in school going children is hearing impairment due to ear wax or different types of otitis media which can be prevented with early detection and intervention. Upper respiratory tract infections also predispose a child to complications such as tonsillitis, sinusitis along with otitis media that can lead to morbidities like hearing impairment and learning disability. Aim: To determine the prevalence of ear, nose and throat diseases among the school going children and their clinicoepidemiological profile. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was carried out in a tertiary care centre, Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh, Upper Assam, India during the period of January 2019 to December 2019. Study included all the 1525 children within age group of 5-15 years attending the ENT Outpatient Department (OPD). Data was obtained from the outdoor register and the history sheets. Data collected was age, sex, religion and distribution of diseases according to site. Number of children having ear, nose, throat or neck diseases were calculated using Microsoft Excel software 2013, version 15.0. Results: Majority of the cases studied were found to be in the age group of 5-10 years (54.1%). ENT diseases were more common in boys (54.2%) than in girls (45.8%). Diseases of the ear (55.9%) were most common, followed by oral cavity and throat (19.3%), nose and Paranasal Sinus (PNS) (18.2%) and neck (6.6%). The most common diseases in ear were Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) and presence of earwax, while sinusitis and allergic rhinitis were more prevalent in diseases of nose and PNS. Pharyngitis and tonsillitis were more commonly found among the diseases of oral cavity and throat. Conclusion: These diseases are a major burden in the school going children resulting in their absence from school, low academic and extracurricular performance and other outdoor activities. Keeping an eye on this aspect, a structured and systematic school health program can be designed in collaboration with state health system, so that it can be properly followed up and needed treatment can be initiated with the help of state government cost.
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