Objective This study compared cervical cancer knowledge, screening practices, and barriers to screening among undocumented and documented Hispanic women. Materials and Methods An anonymous cross-sectional survey was administered to self-identifying Hispanic women older than 21 years at community-based clinics and health care–focused community sites in Rhode Island. The survey included demographics, immigration status, questions related to cervical cancer knowledge, screening practices, and barriers to screening. Participants were stratified based on their immigration status. Categorical variables were compared by χ2 or Fisher exact test. Knowledge scores and the number of barriers were compared by t test and Wilcoxon rank sum test, respectively. p values of less than .05 were considered statistically significant. Results Seventy-three undocumented women and 70 documented women were enrolled. Undocumented women had a significantly lower mean cervical cancer knowledge score (3.53, SD =1.97) compared with documented women (4.43, SD = 2.04; p = .0085) and also experienced more barriers to having cervical cytology or a human papillomavirus test (p = .001). Eighty-eight percent of the undocumented women and 47% of the documented women did not have health insurance (p < .0001). Sixty-two percent of the undocumented women felt that their lack of documentation was a barrier to cervical cancer screening. Fifty percent of the undocumented and 47% of the documented women had never heard of the human papillomavirus vaccine. Conclusions Undocumented women have significantly lower mean cervical cancer knowledge scores compared with documented women. A lack of legal documentation is a significant barrier to cervical cancer screening among Hispanic women. Challenges inherent to being undocumented may contribute to women's lower knowledge scores and more pronounced barriers.
Introduction: Type II diabetes has risen dramatically among rural women in India, specifically in the states of Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh. Recent studies suggest that rural Indian women's low level of self-efficacy, or confidence in their ability to carry out tasks, such as managing diabetes, is a key reason for this increase. Therefore, this study utilizes the Health Belief Model to analyze whether increased awareness of diabetes leads to a positive increase in levels of self-efficacy among diabetic women in two rural villages of Gujarat. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 126 known cases of women with diabetes was carried out in the villages of Rajpur and Valam in the Mehsana District in the state of Gujarat, India, to assess the relationship between diabetes knowledge and self-efficacy. The instrument was adapted from the Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center's Diabetes Empowerment Scale-Short Form and Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Assessment of the Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar. Results: Participants' mean knowledge score was 10.77±2.86 out of a possible 24 points, for a mean percentage of 45%. The median self-efficacy score for the women was 7 with an interquartile range of 3. The age-adjusted multiple regression analysis demonstrated a significant positive correlation between knowledge and self-efficacy (p<0.001). Conclusions:The observations of this study suggest a positive correlation between diabetes knowledge and self-efficacy. Future diabetes educational interventions in India should place a greater emphasis on increasing knowledge among rural women. Specifically, these interventions should emphasize the major gaps in knowledge regarding causes of diabetes, complications and © James Cook University 2016, http://www.jcu.edu.au 2 treatment procedures. Educational interventions that are catered more towards rural women will be critical for improving their selfefficacy.
INTRODUCTION: To compare cervical cancer knowledge, screening practices and barriers to screening between undocumented and documented Hispanic women. METHODS: We administered an anonymous cross-sectional survey of self-identifying Hispanic women over age 21 in Rhode Island. The survey included demographics, immigration status, and questions related to cervical cancer knowledge, screening practices, and barriers to screening. Participants were stratified based on their immigration status. Categorical variables were compared by chi-square or Fisher exact test. Knowledge scores were compared by t-test. P-values <.05 were considered statistically significant. Study received IRB exemption. RESULTS: Seventy-three undocumented women and 70 documented women were included. Eighty-eight percent of undocumented women and 47% of documented women did not have health insurance (P<.0001). Undocumented women had a significantly lower mean knowledge score [3.53 SD 1.97] compared to documented women [4.43 SD 2.04)] (P=.0085), and also experienced more barriers to having a Pap smear or HPV test (P=.001). Sixty-two percent of undocumented women felt that their lack of documentation was a barrier to cervical cancer screening, compared to 28% of documented women (P<.0001). Fifty percent of undocumented and 47% of documented women had never heard of the HPV vaccine. Eighty percent of women eligible for the vaccine (between ages 21 and 32) had never received the vaccine. CONCLUSION: Lack of legal documentation appears to be an independent barrier to cervical cancer screening among Hispanic women. Challenges inherent to being undocumented may contribute to women's lower knowledge scores and more pronounced barriers. Future interventions should address barriers to improve health practices among undocumented Hispanic women.
Objective The aim of the study was to compare loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) as treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2/3 in HIV− versus HIV+ women. Materials and Methods Seventy-five HIV− and 75 HIV+ women at 6 months or more after LEEP for CIN 2/3 were enrolled between September 2013 and November 2014 in this prospective cohort study at the cervical cancer screening clinic in Eldoret, Kenya. Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), followed by cervical cytology with conventional cytology, was performed on all women. Women with positive VIA or abnormal cervical cytology underwent colposcopy/biopsy. Lesion progression, persistence, and regression were assessed to quantify the efficacy of LEEP. Results Post–loop electrosurgical excision procedure screening test showed both a negative VIA and normal cervical cytology in 64 (85%) of HIV− and 57 (77%) HIV+ women (risk difference = 8.3%, CI = −4.2% to 21%, p = .20). Eleven (15%) HIV− and 17 (23%) HIV+ (p = .20) women had positive VIA, abnormal cervical cytology, or both and were referred for colposcopy/biopsy. Twenty-one (8 HIV−, 13 HIV+) women were biopsied. Of the 8 HIV− women, 4 (50%) had CIN lesions that regressed, 3 (38.0%) persisted, and 1 (12%) progressed to invasive cancer after LEEP. Of the 13 HIV+ women, 6 (46%) had CIN lesions that regressed, 7 (54%) had CIN lesions that persisted, and no HIV+ women had CIN lesions that progressed after LEEP. There was no difference in estimated efficacies of LEEP for HIV− and HIV+ women (92.7% versus 89.4%, risk difference = 3.3%, CI = −4.8% to 15.3%, p = .85). Conclusions Loop electrosurgical excision procedure for CIN 2/3 is effective treatment for HIV− and HIV+ women in low-resource settings. Future efforts should improve follow-up after treatment.
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